{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T07:45:45Z","timestamp":1788939945592,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8068","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Drought is one of the most common and complex natural hazards affecting\n                the environment, economies and populations globally\n                    <jats:sup>1\u20134<\/jats:sup>\n                    . However, there are significant uncertainties in\n                global drought trends\n                    <jats:sup>4\u20136<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and a limited understanding of the extent to\n                which a key driver, atmospheric evaporative demand (AED), impacts the recent\n                evolution of the magnitude, frequency, duration and areal extent of droughts. Here,\n                by developing an ensemble of high-resolution global drought datasets for 1901\u20132022,\n                we find an increasing trend in drought severity worldwide. Our findings suggest that\n                AED has increased drought severity by an average of 40% globally. Not only are\n                typically dry regions becoming drier but also wet areas are experiencing drying\n                trends. During the past 5\u2009years (2018\u20132022), the areas in drought have expanded by\n                74% on average compared with 1981\u20132017, with AED contributing to 58% of this\n                increase. The year 2022 was record-breaking, with 30% of the global land area\n                affected by moderate and extreme droughts, 42% of which was attributed to increased\n                AED. Our findings indicate that AED has an increasingly important role in driving\n                severe droughts and that this tendency will likely continue under future warming\n                scenarios.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09047-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T11:02:34Z","timestamp":1749034954000},"page":"628-635","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":360,"title":["RETRACTED ARTICLE: Warming accelerates global drought\n            severity"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"642","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7498-0695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solomon H.","family":"Gebrechorkos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Sheffield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2892-518X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio M.","family":"Vicente-Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Funk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6186-5751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego G.","family":"Miralles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4071-0512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9136-8972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen","family":"Dyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4183-1973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua","family":"Talib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2553-9566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hylke E.","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6899-2224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael B.","family":"Singer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6144-4639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon J.","family":"Dadson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"9047_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-020-00972-w","volume":"11","author":"Y Pokhrel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pokhrel, Y. et al. Global terrestrial water storage and drought\n                    severity under climate change. Nat. Clim.\n                        Change\n                    11, 226\u2013233 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"9047_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22314-w","volume":"12","author":"F Chiang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chiang, F., Mazdiyasni, O. & AghaKouchak, A. Evidence of\n                    anthropogenic impacts on global drought frequency, duration, and intensity.\n                        Nat. Commun.\n                    12, 2754 (2021).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"9047_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11575","volume":"491","author":"J Sheffield","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sheffield, J., Wood, E. F. & Roderick, M. L. Little change in\n                    global drought over the past 60 years. Nature\n                    491, 435\u2013438 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9047_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2067","volume":"4","author":"KE Trenberth","year":"2014","unstructured":"Trenberth, K. E. et al. Global warming and changes in drought.\n                        Nat. Clim. Change\n                    4, 17\u201322 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"9047_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1038\/491338a","volume":"491","author":"SI Seneviratne","year":"2012","unstructured":"Seneviratne, S. I. Historical drought trends revisited. Nature\n                    491, 338\u2013339 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9047_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41196-z","volume":"9","author":"J Lu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lu, J., Carbone, G. J. & Grego, J. M. Uncertainty and hotspots\n                    in 21st century projections of agricultural drought from CMIP5 models. Sci. Rep.\n                    9, 4922 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"9047_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.05.105","volume":"226","author":"B Tarroja","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tarroja, B., Chiang, F., AghaKouchak, A. & Samuelsen, S.\n                    Assessing future water resource constraints on thermally based renewable energy\n                    resources in California. Appl. Energy\n                    226, 49\u201360 (2018).","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"9047_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-018-2329-5","volume":"151","author":"K Forrest","year":"2018","unstructured":"Forrest, K., Tarroja, B., Chiang, F., AghaKouchak, A. &\n                    Samuelsen, S. Assessing climate change impacts on California hydropower\n                    generation and ancillary services provision. Climatic\n                        Change\n                    151, 395\u2013412 (2018).","journal-title":"Climatic Change"},{"key":"9047_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.5194\/esd-9-227-2018","volume":"9","author":"P Greve","year":"2018","unstructured":"Greve, P., Gudmundsson, L. & Seneviratne, S. I. Regional\n                    scaling of annual mean precipitation and water availability with global\n                    temperature change. Earth Syst. Dyn.\n                    9, 227\u2013240 (2018).","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Dyn."},{"key":"9047_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114021","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aa89a3","volume":"12","author":"P Greve","year":"2017","unstructured":"Greve, P., Roderick, M. L. & Seneviratne, S. I. Simulated\n                    changes in aridity from the last glacial maximum to 4xCO2. Environ. Res. Lett.\n                    12, 114021 (2017).","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"9047_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-020-0594-1","volume":"13","author":"RS Padr\u00f3n","year":"2020","unstructured":"Padr\u00f3n, R. S. et al. Observed changes in dry-season water\n                    availability attributed to human-induced climate change. Nat. Geosci.\n                    13, 477\u2013481 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"9047_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-022-04152-y","volume":"612","author":"MD Mahecha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mahecha, M. D. et al. Biodiversity loss and climate extremes\u2014study\n                    the feedbacks. Nature\n                    612, 30\u201332 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9047_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Seneviratne, S.I. et al. Weather and climate extreme events in a\n                    changing climate. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical\n                        Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment\n                        Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds\n                    Masson-Delmotte, V. et al.) Ch. 11, 1513\u20131766 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge,\n                    2021); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781009157896.013.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781009157896.013"},{"key":"9047_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-022-01492-5","volume":"12","author":"P Zhu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhu, P. et al. Warming reduces global agricultural production by\n                    decreasing cropping frequency and yields. Nat. Clim.\n                        Change\n                    12, 1016\u20131023 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"9047_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04737-7","volume":"608","author":"D Bauman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bauman, D. et al. Tropical tree mortality has increased with rising\n                    atmospheric water stress. Nature\n                    608, 528\u2013533 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9047_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kikstra, J. et al. The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report WGIII climate\n                    assessment of mitigation pathways: from emissions to global temperatures.\n                        EGUsphere\n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/egusphere-2022-471 (2022).","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-2022-471"},{"key":"9047_CR17","first-page":"20210285","volume":"380","author":"SM Vicente-Serrano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vicente-Serrano, S. M. et al. Global drought trends and future\n                    projections. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Math. Phys. Eng.\n                        Sci.\n                    380, 20210285 (2022).","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"9047_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eade6253","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ade6253","volume":"9","author":"H Douville","year":"2023","unstructured":"Douville, H. & Willett, K. M. A drier than expected future,\n                    supported by near-surface relative humidity observations. Sci. Adv.\n                    9, eade6253 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"9047_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1633","volume":"3","author":"A Dai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dai, A. Increasing drought under global warming in observations and\n                    models. Nat. Clim. Change\n                    3, 52\u201358 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"9047_CR20","unstructured":"IPCC Climate Change 2014: Synthesis\n                        Report (eds Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R. K. & Meyer L. A.)\n                    (IPCC, 2014)."},{"key":"9047_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1890\/ES15-00203.1","volume":"6","author":"CD Allen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Allen, C. D., Breshears, D. D. & McDowell, N. G. On\n                    underestimation of global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die-off\n                    from hotter drought in the Anthropocene. Ecosphere\n                    6, 129 (2015).","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"9047_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/s40641-018-0095-0","volume":"4","author":"A Berg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Berg, A. & Sheffield, J. Climate change and drought: the soil\n                    moisture perspective. Curr. Clim. Change Rep.\n                    4, 180\u2013191 (2018).","journal-title":"Curr. Clim. Change Rep."},{"key":"9047_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2019EF001461","volume":"8","author":"BI Cook","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cook, B. I. et al. Twenty-first century drought projections in the\n                    CMIP6 forcing scenarios. Earths Future\n                    8, e2019EF001461 (2020).","journal-title":"Earths Future"},{"key":"9047_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2024.130653","volume":"630","author":"JM Garrido-Perez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Garrido-Perez, J. M. et al. Examining the outstanding\n                    Euro-Mediterranean drought of 2021\u20132022 and its historical context. J. Hydrol.\n                    630, 130653 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"9047_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-024-01559-2","volume":"17","author":"E Bevacqua","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bevacqua, E. et al. Direct and lagged climate change effects\n                    intensified the 2022 European drought. Nat.\n                        Geosci.\n                    17, 1100\u20131107 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"9047_CR26","unstructured":"IPCC Climate Change 2022: Impacts,\n                        Adaptation, and Vulnerability (eds P\u00f6rtner H.-O. et al.)\n                    (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2022)."},{"key":"9047_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kingston, D. G., Todd, M. C., Taylor, R. G., Thompson, J. R. &\n                    Arnell, N. W. Uncertainty in the estimation of potential evapotranspiration\n                    under climate change. Geophys. Res. Lett.\n                    36, L20403 (2009).","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL040267"},{"key":"9047_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4025","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50355","volume":"118","author":"G van der Schrier","year":"2013","unstructured":"van der Schrier, G., Barichivich, J., Briffa, K. R. & Jones, P.\n                    D. A scPDSI-based global data set of dry and wet spells for 1901\u20132009. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.\n                    118, 4025\u20134048 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"9047_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6201","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-21-6201-2017","volume":"21","author":"HE Beck","year":"2017","unstructured":"Beck, H. E. et al. Global-scale evaluation of 22 precipitation\n                    datasets using gauge observations and hydrological modeling. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.\n                    21, 6201\u20136217 (2017).","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"9047_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3099","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-28-3099-2024","volume":"28","author":"SH Gebrechorkos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gebrechorkos, S. H. et al. Global-scale evaluation of precipitation\n                    datasets for hydrological modelling. Hydrol. Earth Syst.\n                        Sci.\n                    28, 3099\u20133118 (2024).","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"9047_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JCLI2909.1","volume":"23","author":"SM Vicente-Serrano","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vicente-Serrano, S. M., Beguer\u00eda, S. & L\u00f3pez-Moreno, J. I. A\n                    multiscalar drought index sensitive to global warming: the Standardized\n                    Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index. J.\n                        Clim.\n                    23, 1696\u20131718 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"9047_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JD033017","volume":"125","author":"M Tomas-Burguera","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tomas-Burguera, M. et al. Global characterization of the varying\n                    responses of the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index to\n                    atmospheric evaporative demand. J. Geophys. Res.\n                        Atmos.\n                    125, e2020JD033017 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"9047_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135299","volume":"704","author":"GG Haile","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haile, G. G. et al. Long-term spatiotemporal variation of drought\n                    patterns over the Greater Horn of Africa. Sci. Total\n                        Environ.\n                    704, 135299 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"9047_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24146-0","volume":"12","author":"M Kamruzzaman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kamruzzaman, M. et al. Spatiotemporal drought analysis in\n                    Bangladesh using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized\n                    Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Sci.\n                        Rep.\n                    12, 20694 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"9047_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3635","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-19-0084.1","volume":"33","author":"J Spinoni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Spinoni, J. et al. Future global meteorological drought hot spots:\n                    a study based on CORDEX data. J. Clim.\n                    33, 3635\u20133661 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"9047_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2021.126091","volume":"596","author":"T Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, T., Tu, X., Singh, V. P., Chen, X. & Lin, K. Global data\n                    assessment and analysis of drought characteristics based on CMIP6. J. Hydrol.\n                    596, 126091 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"9047_CR37","first-page":"100593","volume":"22","author":"J Spinoni","year":"2019","unstructured":"Spinoni, J. et al. A new global database of meteorological drought\n                    events from 1951 to 2016. J. Hydrol. Reg.\n                        Stud.\n                    22, 100593 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud."},{"key":"9047_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3001","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3887","volume":"34","author":"S Beguer\u00eda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Beguer\u00eda, S., Vicente-Serrano, S. M., Reig, F. & Latorre, B.\n                    Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) revisited: parameter\n                    fitting, evapotranspiration models, tools, datasets and drought monitoring.\n                        Int. J. Climatol.\n                    34, 3001\u20133023 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"9047_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2014.06.021","volume":"349","author":"Q Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang, Q. et al. Temporal-spatial characteristics of severe drought\n                    events and their impact on agriculture on a global scale. Quat. Int.\n                    349, 10\u201321 (2014).","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"9047_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2015.66","volume":"2","author":"C Funk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Funk, C. et al. The climate hazards infrared precipitation with\n                    stations\u2014a new environmental record for monitoring extremes. Sci. Data\n                    2, 150066 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"9047_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-17-0138.1","volume":"100","author":"HE Beck","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beck, H. E. et al. MSWEP V2 global 3-hourly 0.1\u00b0 precipitation:\n                    methodology and quantitative assessment. Bull. Am.\n                        Meteorol. Soc.\n                    100, 473\u2013500 (2019).","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"9047_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-025-04610-y","volume":"12","author":"DG Miralles","year":"2025","unstructured":"Miralles, D. G. et al. GLEAM4: Global Land Evaporation and Soil\n                    Moisture dataset at 0.1\u00b0 resolution from 1980 to near present. Sci. Data\n                    12, 416 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"9047_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-021-01003-9","volume":"8","author":"MB Singer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singer, M. B. et al. Hourly potential evapotranspiration at 0.1\u00b0\n                    resolution for the global land surface from 1981\u2013present. Sci. Data\n                    8, 224 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"9047_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-016-1705-2","volume":"144","author":"A Dai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dai, A. & Zhao, T. Uncertainties in historical changes and\n                    future projections of drought. Part I: estimates of historical drought changes.\n                        Clim. Change\n                    144, 519\u2013533 (2017).","journal-title":"Clim. Change"},{"key":"9047_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"094073","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aba20d","volume":"15","author":"X Song","year":"2020","unstructured":"Song, X., Song, Y. & Chen, Y. Secular trend of global drought\n                    since 1950. Environ. Res. Lett.\n                    15, 094073 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"9047_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2009717118","volume":"118","author":"MR Alizadeh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alizadeh, M. R. et al. Warming enabled upslope advance in western\n                    US forest fires. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA\n                    118, e2009717118 (2021).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"9047_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"034042","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aaafda","volume":"13","author":"S Bachmair","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bachmair, S., Tanguy, M., Hannaford, J. & Stahl, K. How well do\n                    meteorological indicators represent agricultural and forest drought across\n                    Europe? Environ. Res. Lett.\n                    13, 034042 (2018).","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"9047_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3285","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL076521","volume":"45","author":"G Naumann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Naumann, G. et al. Global changes in drought conditions under\n                    different levels of warming. Geophys. Res.\n                        Lett.\n                    45, 3285\u20133296 (2018).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"9047_CR49","unstructured":"Agnew, C. T. Using the SPI to identify drought. Drought Network News 1994\u20132001 (International\n                    Drought Information Center and National Drought Mitigation Center, School of\n                    Natural Resources, University of Nebraska \u2013 Lincoln, 2000)."},{"key":"9047_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-0453-3","volume":"7","author":"I Harris","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harris, I., Osborn, T. J., Jones, P. & Lister, D. Version 4 of\n                    the CRU TS monthly high-resolution gridded multivariate climate dataset.\n                        Sci. Data\n                    7, 109 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"9047_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3803","volume":"146","author":"H Hersbach","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hersbach, H. et al. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.\n                    146, 1999\u20132049 (2020).","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"9047_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5449","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-15-5449-2023","volume":"15","author":"SH Gebrechorkos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gebrechorkos, S. H. et al. Global high-resolution drought indices\n                    for 1981\u20132022. Earth Syst. Sci. Data\n                    15, 5449\u20135466 (2023).","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"9047_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gebrechorkos, S. H. solomonsg\/Globdrought: drought indices and\n                    trends calculation. Zenodo\n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.15073433 (2025).","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.15073433"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-026-11027-z","type":"retraction","label":"Retraction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000}}],"container-title":["Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-025-09047-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-025-09047-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-025-09047-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T13:07:52Z","timestamp":1788354472000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41586-025-09047-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8068","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]}},"alternative-id":["9047"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-025-09047-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-0836","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-4687","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 May 2026","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Editor\u2019s Note: Readers are alerted that the conclusions of this paper are\n                        subject to criticisms and corrections that are being considered by editors.\n                        A further editorial response will follow the resolution of these issues.","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 September 2026","order":8,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":9,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This article has been retracted. Please see the Retraction Notice for more detail:","order":10,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-026-11027-z","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-026-11027-z","order":11,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}