{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T09:51:54Z","timestamp":1791280314895,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Biotechnol"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-026-03303-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T09:02:05Z","timestamp":1791277325000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Decoding systemic vascular health and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy through retinal imaging and Visionary AI"],"prefix":"10.1038","author":[{"given":"Srilaxmi","family":"Bearelly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassandra","family":"Areff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew K.","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Sunko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew F.","family":"Laine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna Rodriguez","family":"Coleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Cordazzo Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chloe Y.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer J.","family":"Dawkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Amir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahar","family":"Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Hark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Whitney A.","family":"Booker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"April A.","family":"Jauhal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin S.","family":"Brandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald J.","family":"Wapner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1708-6050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liat","family":"Shenhav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"3303_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e323","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70227-X","volume":"2","author":"L Say","year":"2014","unstructured":"Say, L. et al. Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis. Lancet Glob. Health 2, e323\u2013e333 (2014).","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"3303_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0b013e32835e0ef5","volume":"25","author":"JO Lo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lo, J. O., Mission, J. F. & Caughey, A. B. Hypertensive disease of pregnancy and maternal mortality. Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 25, 124\u2013132 (2013).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"3303_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32335-7","volume":"398","author":"LC Chappell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chappell, L. C., Cluver, C. A., Kingdom, J. & Tong, S. Pre-eclampsia. Lancet 398, 341\u2013354 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"3303_CR4","volume":"2011","author":"C Bushnell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bushnell, C. & Chireau, M. Preeclampsia and stroke: risks during and after pregnancy. Stroke Res. Treat. 2011, 858134 (2011).","journal-title":"Stroke Res. Treat."},{"key":"3303_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.02.033","volume":"77","author":"MB Davis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Davis, M. B. et al. Team-based care of women with cardiovascular disease from pre-conception through pregnancy and postpartum: JACC focus seminar 1\/5. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 77, 1763\u20131777 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"3303_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2022.10.008","volume":"30","author":"AA Samara","year":"2022","unstructured":"Samara, A. A. et al. Preeclampsia, gestational hypertension and incident dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published evidence. Pregnancy Hypertens. 30, 192\u2013197 (2022).","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens."},{"key":"3303_CR7","first-page":"826","volume":"10","author":"S Koulouraki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Koulouraki, S. et al. Short- and long-term outcomes of preeclampsia in offspring: review of the literature. Children (Basel) 10, 826 (2023).","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"3303_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000437382.03963.88","volume":"122","author":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists","year":"2013","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Hypertension in pregnancy: report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists\u2019 task force on hypertension in pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol. 122, 1122\u20131131 (2013).","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"3303_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01661","volume":"9","author":"NG Than","year":"2018","unstructured":"Than, N. G. et al. Integrated systems biology approach identifies novel maternal and placental pathways of preeclampsia. Front. Immunol. 9, 1661 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"3303_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2023.104172","volume":"161","author":"NG Than","year":"2024","unstructured":"Than, N. G. et al. Classification of preeclampsia according to molecular clusters with the goal of achieving personalized prevention. J. Reprod. Immunol. 161, 104172 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"3303_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136985","volume":"22","author":"SW Walsh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Walsh, S. W. & Strauss, J. F. The road to low-dose aspirin therapy for the prevention of preeclampsia began with the placenta. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 6985 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"3303_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.08.009","volume":"204","author":"I Brosens","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brosens, I., Pijnenborg, R., Vercruysse, L. & Romero, R. The \u2018great obstetrical syndromes\u2019 are associated with disorders of deep placentation. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 204, 193\u2013201 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"3303_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.06.001","volume":"225","author":"VG Kulkarni","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kulkarni, V. G. et al. Maternal and fetal vascular lesions of malperfusion in the placentas associated with fetal and neonatal death: results of a prospective observational study. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 225, 660.e1\u2013660.e12 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"3303_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17643","volume":"130","author":"I Ahmed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ahmed, I. et al. Placental inflammation and pregnancy outcomes: a prospective, observational study in South Asia: the PURPOSe study. Brit. J. Obstet. Gynaec. 130, 43\u201352 (2023).","journal-title":"Brit. J. Obstet. Gynaec."},{"key":"3303_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.5RU1120-787RR","volume":"111","author":"D Miller","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miller, D. et al. Cellular immune responses in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. J. Leukocyte Biol. 111, 237\u2013260 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Leukocyte Biol."},{"key":"3303_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.11.1356","volume":"226","author":"E Jung","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jung, E. et al. The etiology of preeclampsia. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 226, S844\u2013S866 (2022).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"3303_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.04.032","volume":"217","author":"W Stevens","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stevens, W. et al. Short-term costs of preeclampsia to the United States health care system. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 217, 237\u2013248.e16 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"3303_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.023791","volume":"11","author":"NA Cameron","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cameron, N. A. et al. Trends in the incidence of new-onset hypertensive disorders of pregnancy among rural and urban areas in the United States, 2007 to 2019. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 11, e023791 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"3303_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004824","volume":"140","author":"AM Bruno","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bruno, A. M., Allshouse, A. A., Metz, T. D. & Theilen, L. H. Trends in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in the United States From 1989 to 2020. Obstet. Gynecol. 140, 83\u201386 (2022).","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"3303_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.08.041","volume":"204","author":"CS Phibbs","year":"2019","unstructured":"Phibbs, C. S. et al. Birth hospitalization costs and days of care for mothers and neonates in California, 2009\u20132011. J. Pediatr. 204, 118\u2013125.e14 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"3303_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003581","volume":"134","author":"J Hao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hao, J. et al. Maternal and infant health care costs related to preeclampsia. Obstet. Gynecol. 134, 1227\u20131233 (2019).","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"3303_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1704559","volume":"377","author":"DL Rolnik","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rolnik, D. L., Wright, D. & Poon, L. C. Aspirin versus placebo in pregnancies at high risk for preterm preeclampsia. N. Engl. J. Med. 377, 613\u2013622 (2017).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"3303_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17613","volume":"130","author":"MK Hoffman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hoffman, M. K. The great obstetrical syndromes and the placenta. Brit. J. Obstet. Gynaec. 130, 8\u201315 (2023).","journal-title":"Brit. J. Obstet. Gynaec."},{"key":"3303_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.16991","volume":"330","author":"US Preventive Services Task Force","year":"2023","unstructured":"US Preventive Services Task Force Screening for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: US Preventive Services Task Force final recommendation statement. JAMA 330, 1074\u20131082 (2023).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3303_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2024.2388171","volume":"37","author":"W Feng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Feng, W. & Luo, Y. Preeclampsia and its prediction: traditional versus contemporary predictive methods. J. Matern. Fetal. Neonatal Med. 37, 2388171 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal. Neonatal Med."},{"key":"3303_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1414838","volume":"374","author":"H Zeisler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zeisler, H. et al. Predictive value of the sFlt-1:PlGF ratio in women with suspected preeclampsia. N. Engl. J. Med. 374, 13\u201322 (2016).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"3303_CR27","first-page":"1","volume":"22","author":"Ontario Health (Quality)","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ontario Health (Quality) First-trimester screening program for the risk of pre-eclampsia using a multiple-marker algorithm: a health technology assessment. Ont. Health Technol. Assess. Ser. 22, 1\u2013118 (2022).","journal-title":"Ont. Health Technol. Assess. Ser."},{"key":"3303_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.17455","volume":"49","author":"N O\u2019Gorman","year":"2017","unstructured":"O\u2019Gorman, N. et al. Multicenter screening for pre-eclampsia by maternal factors and biomarkers at 11\u201313\u2009weeks\u2019 gestation: comparison with NICE guidelines and ACOG recommendations. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 49, 756\u2013760 (2017).","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"3303_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2019.03.005","volume":"16","author":"AC De Kat","year":"2019","unstructured":"De Kat, A. C., Hirst, J., Woodward, M., Kennedy, S. & Peters, S. A. Prediction models for preeclampsia: a systematic review. Pregnancy Hypertens. 16, 48\u201366 (2019).","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens."},{"key":"3303_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.10.14","volume":"9","author":"RH Silverman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Silverman, R. H., Urs, R., Wapner, R. J. & Bearelly, S. Plane-wave ultrasound Doppler of the eye in preeclampsia. Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol. 9, 14 (2020).","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"3303_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.16320","volume":"42","author":"RH Silverman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Silverman, R. H. et al. Correlation of ocular plane-wave Doppler with optical coherence tomography angiography in preeclampsia. J. Ultrasound Med. 42, 2815\u20132824 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"3303_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(21)00236-1","volume":"103","author":"G Jaffe","year":"1987","unstructured":"Jaffe, G. & Schatz, H. Ocular manifestations of preeclampsia. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 103, 309\u2013315 (1987).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"3303_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1698832","volume":"38","author":"CN Stern-Ascher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stern-Ascher, C. N. et al. Subfoveal choroidal thickness and associated changes of angiogenic factors in women with severe preeclampsia. Am. J. Perinatol. 38, 482\u2013489 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"3303_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5723","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14143","volume":"55","author":"A Garg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Garg, A. et al. Choroidal and retinal thickening in severe preeclampsia. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 55, 5723\u20135729 (2014).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"3303_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001758","volume":"129","author":"N Auger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Auger, N. et al. Preeclampsia and long-term risk of maternal retinal disorders. Obstet. Gynecol. 129, 42\u201349 (2017).","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"3303_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261287","volume":"16","author":"J Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee, J., Bae, J. G. & Kim, Y. C. Relationship between the sFlt-1\/PlGF ratio and the optical coherence tomographic features of chorioretina in patients with preeclampsia. PLoS ONE 16, e0261287 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3303_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.11.414","volume":"230","author":"B Srilaxmi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Srilaxmi, B. Eye towards artificial intelligence: retinal vascular tortuosity vs. vasoconstriction to differentiate preeclamptic and normotensive subjects. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 230, 216\u2013216 (2024).","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"3303_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.2.36","volume":"66","author":"Y He","year":"2025","unstructured":"He, Y. et al. Changes in optical coherence tomography angiography precede clinical onset of placental insufficiency. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 66, 36 (2025).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"3303_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01890","volume":"62","author":"SJ Lupton","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lupton, S. J. et al. Changes in retinal microvascular caliber precede the clinical onset of preeclampsia. Hypertension 62, 899\u2013904 (2013).","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"3303_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-019-0531-y","volume":"33","author":"E Ciloglu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ciloglu, E., Okcu, N. T. & Dogan, N. \u00c7 Optical coherence tomography angiography findings in preeclampsia. Eye (Lond.) 33, 1946\u20131951 (2019).","journal-title":"Eye (Lond.)"},{"key":"3303_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01582-6","volume":"8","author":"Y Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu, Y. et al. Noninvasive early prediction of preeclampsia in pregnancy using retinal vascular features. npj Digit. Med. 8, 188 (2025).","journal-title":"npj Digit. Med."},{"key":"3303_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000003658","volume":"42","author":"T Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou, T. et al. Prediction of preeclampsia from retinal fundus images via deep learning in singleton pregnancies: a prospective cohort study. J. Hypertens. 42, 701\u2013710 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"3303_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06555-x","volume":"622","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou, Y. et al. A foundation model for generalizable disease detection from retinal images. Nature 622, 156\u2013163 (2023).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"3303_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/684083","volume":"2012","author":"V Krielessi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Krielessi, V. et al. Placental pathology and blood pressure\u2019s level in women with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol. Int. 2012, 684083 (2012).","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Int."},{"key":"3303_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpt087","volume":"26","author":"TFT Antonios","year":"2013","unstructured":"Antonios, T. F. T., Nama, V., Wang, D. & Manyonda, I. T. Microvascular remodelling in preeclampsia: quantifying capillary rarefaction accurately and independently predicts preeclampsia. Am. J. Hypertens. 26, 1162\u20131169 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"3303_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e241","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1675348","volume":"8","author":"P Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang, P. Decidual vasculopathy in preeclampsia and spiral artery remodeling revisited: shallow invasion versus failure of involution. AJP Rep. 8, e241\u2013e246 (2018).","journal-title":"AJP Rep."},{"key":"3303_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yee Khong, T., Mooney, E. E., Nikkels, P. G. J., Morgan, T. K. & Gordijn, S. J. Pathology of the Placenta: A Practical Guide (Springer, 2018).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-97214-5"},{"key":"3303_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.5.27","volume":"61","author":"R Tomita","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tomita, R. et al. Differences in blood flow between superior and inferior retinal hemispheres. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 61, 27 (2020).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"3303_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamran, S. A. et al. RV-GAN: segmenting retinal vascular structure in fundus photographs using a novel multi-scale generative adversarial network. In Proc. 24th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention (eds de Bruijne, M. et al.) (Springer, 2021).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-87237-3_4"},{"key":"3303_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2004.825627","volume":"23","author":"J Staal","year":"2004","unstructured":"Staal, J., Abr\u00e0moff, M. D., Niemeijer, M., Viergever, M. A. & van Ginneken, B. Ridge-based vessel segmentation in color images of the retina. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 23, 501\u2013509 (2004).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"3303_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1109\/42.845178","volume":"19","author":"A Hoover","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hoover, A., Kouznetsova, V. & Goldbaum, M. Locating blood vessels in retinal images by piecewise threshold probing of a matched filter response. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 19, 203\u2013210 (2000).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"3303_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2538","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2012.2205687","volume":"59","author":"MM Fraz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fraz, M. M. et al. An ensemble classification-based approach applied to retinal blood vessel segmentation. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 59, 2538\u20132548 (2012).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"3303_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/154860","volume":"2013","author":"A Budai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Budai, A., Bock, R., Maier, A., Hornegger, J. & Michelson, G. Robust vessel segmentation in fundus images. Int. J. Biomed. Imaging 2013, 154860 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomed. Imaging"},{"key":"3303_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2016.2587062","volume":"35","author":"J Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang, J. et al. Robust retinal vessel segmentation via locally adaptive derivative frames in orientation scores. IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 35, 2631\u20132644 (2016).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"}],"container-title":["Nature Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41587-026-03303-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41587-026-03303-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41587-026-03303-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T09:02:08Z","timestamp":1791277328000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41587-026-03303-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["3303"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41587-026-03303-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1087-0156","1546-1696"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1087-0156","type":"print"},{"value":"1546-1696","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}