{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T10:52:31Z","timestamp":1776423151007,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]],"date-time":"2023-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The global burden of diet-attributable type 2 diabetes (T2D) is not well established. This risk assessment model estimated T2D incidence among adults attributable to direct and body weight-mediated effects of 11 dietary factors in 184 countries in 1990 and 2018. In 2018, suboptimal intake of these dietary factors was estimated to be attributable to 14.1 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI), 13.8\u201314.4 million) incident T2D cases, representing 70.3% (68.8\u201371.8%) of new cases globally. Largest T2D burdens were attributable to insufficient whole-grain intake (26.1% (25.0\u201327.1%)), excess refined rice and wheat intake (24.6% (22.3\u201327.2%)) and excess processed meat intake (20.3% (18.3\u201323.5%)). Across regions, highest proportional burdens were in central and eastern Europe and central Asia (85.6% (83.4\u201387.7%)) and Latin America and the Caribbean (81.8% (80.1\u201383.4%)); and lowest proportional burdens were in South Asia (55.4% (52.1\u201360.7%)). Proportions of diet-attributable T2D were generally larger in men than in women and were inversely correlated with age. Diet-attributable T2D was generally larger among urban versus rural residents and higher versus lower educated individuals, except in high-income countries, central and eastern Europe and central Asia, where burdens were larger in rural residents and in lower educated individuals. Compared with 1990, global diet-attributable T2D increased by 2.6 absolute percentage points (8.6 million more cases) in 2018, with variation in these trends by world region and dietary factor. These findings inform nutritional priorities and clinical and public health planning to improve dietary quality and reduce T2D globally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02278-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T16:04:28Z","timestamp":1681747468000},"page":"982-995","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":157,"title":["Incident type 2 diabetes attributable to suboptimal diet in 184 countries"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5712-3077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meghan","family":"O\u2019Hearn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1750-5406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Lara-Castor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Frederick","family":"Cudhea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0509-1549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Reedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Peilin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jianyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4203-9010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John B.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christina D.","family":"Economos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Micha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7958-9492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariush","family":"Mozaffarian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"name":"Global Dietary Database","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Murat","family":"Bas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jemal Haidar","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Suhad","family":"Abumweis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anand","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Puneet","family":"Misra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nahla Chawkat","family":"Hwalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chandrashekar","family":"Janakiram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nur Indrawaty","family":"Liputo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abdulrahman","family":"Musaiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Farhad","family":"Pourfarzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Iftikhar","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Karin","family":"DeRidder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Celine","family":"Termote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anjum","family":"Memon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aida","family":"Turrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Lupotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Raffaela","family":"Piccinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Sette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Karim","family":"Anzid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marieke","family":"Vossenaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paramita","family":"Mazumdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Rached","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Rovirosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Elisa","family":"Zapata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tamene Taye","family":"Asayehu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Oduor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Boedecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lilian","family":"Aluso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Johana","family":"Ortiz-Ulloa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J. V.","family":"Meenakshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Grosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Waskiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Umber S.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Thanopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Malekzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Neville","family":"Calleja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marga","family":"Ocke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zohreh","family":"Etemad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohannad Al","family":"Nsour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lydiah M.","family":"Waswa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eha","family":"Nurk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Arsenault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Patricio","family":"Lopez-Jaramillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Abla Mehio","family":"Sibai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Albertino","family":"Damasceno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carukshi","family":"Arambepola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Milton","family":"Severo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Lunet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Duarte","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Heli","family":"Tapanainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jaana","family":"Lindstrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Suvi","family":"Virtanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Palacios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Roos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Imelda Angeles","family":"Agdeppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Josie","family":"Desnacido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Capanzana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anoop","family":"Misra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ilse","family":"Khouw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Swee Ai","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Edna Gamboa","family":"Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Caballero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Otero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hae-Jeung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eda","family":"Koksal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Idris","family":"Guessous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Lachat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stefaan","family":"De Henauw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ali Reza","family":"Rahbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Tedstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Androniki","family":"Naska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Angie","family":"Mathee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Annie","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bemnet","family":"Tedla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Beth","family":"Hopping","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Brahmam","family":"Ginnela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Leclercq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Charmaine","family":"Duante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Haerpfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Hotz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Pitsavos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Rehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Coline","family":"van Oosterhout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Corazon","family":"Cerdena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Debbie","family":"Bradshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Trichopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dorothy","family":"Gauci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dulitha","family":"Fernando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elzbieta","family":"Sygnowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Erkki","family":"Vartiainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Farshad","family":"Farzadfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gabor","family":"Zajkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gillian","family":"Swan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Guansheng","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gulden","family":"Pekcan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hajah Masni","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Harri","family":"Sinkko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Helene Enghardt","family":"Barbieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Sioen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jannicke","family":"Myhre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jean-Michel","family":"Gaspoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jillian","family":"Odenkirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kanitta","family":"Bundhamcharoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Keiu","family":"Nelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Khairul","family":"Zarina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lajos","family":"Biro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Laufey","family":"Steingrimsdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Leanne","family":"Riley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mabel","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Manami","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Szabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marja-Leena","family":"Ovaskainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Meei-Shyuan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mei Fen","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Cowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mirnalini","family":"Kandiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ola","family":"Kally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Olof","family":"Jonsdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pam","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Vollenweider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Philippos","family":"Orfanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Renzo","family":"Asciak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Templeton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rokiah","family":"Don","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Roseyati","family":"Yaakub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rusidah","family":"Selamat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Safiah","family":"Yusof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sameer","family":"Al-Zenki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shu-Yi","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sigrid","family":"Beer-Borst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Suh","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Widjaja","family":"Lukito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wilbur","family":"Hadden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wulf","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yuen","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zaiton","family":"Hjdaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ron","family":"Gravel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jacob Lennert","family":"Veerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shashi","family":"Chiplonkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Arici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Le Tran","family":"Ngoan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Demosthenes","family":"Panagiotakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yanping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Trichopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Noel","family":"Barengo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anuradha","family":"Khadilkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Veena","family":"Ekbote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Noushin","family":"Mohammadifard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Kovalskys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Avula","family":"Laxmaiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Harikumar","family":"Rachakulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hemalatha","family":"Rajkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Indrapal","family":"Meshram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Laxmaiah","family":"Avula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nimmathota","family":"Arlappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rajkumar","family":"Hemalatha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Licia","family":"lacoviello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marialaura","family":"Bonaccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Costanzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yves","family":"Martin-Prevel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Katia","family":"Castetbon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nattinee","family":"Jitnarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yao-Te","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Olivares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Tejeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aida","family":"Hadziomeragic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"de Moura Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wen-Harn","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Inge","family":"Huybrechts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alan","family":"de Brauw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mourad","family":"Moursi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Maghroun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Augustin Nawidimbasba","family":"Zeba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nizal","family":"Sarrafzadegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lital","family":"Keinan-Boker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Goldsmith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tal","family":"Shimony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Irmgard","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shivanand C.","family":"Mastiholi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Mwangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yeri","family":"Kombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zipporah","family":"Bukania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eman","family":"Alissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nasser","family":"Al-Daghri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shaun","family":"Sabico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Gulliford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tshilenge S.","family":"Diba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kyungwon","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sanghui","family":"Kweon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sihyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yoonsu","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Suad","family":"Al-Hooti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chanthaly","family":"Luangphaxay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daovieng","family":"Douangvichit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Latsamy","family":"Siengsounthone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Marques-Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Constance","family":"Rybak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Luke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Noppawan","family":"Piaseu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nipa","family":"Rojroongwasinkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kalyana","family":"Sundram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Donka","family":"Baykova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Parvin","family":"Abedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sandjaja","family":"Sandjaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fariza","family":"Fadzil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Noriklil Bukhary Ismail","family":"Bukhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Bovet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Norie","family":"Sawada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shoichiro","family":"Tsugane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lalka","family":"Rangelova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stefka","family":"Petrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vesselka","family":"Duleva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anna Karin","family":"Lindroos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jessica Petrelius","family":"Sipinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lotta","family":"Moraeus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Per","family":"Bergman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ward","family":"Siamusantu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lucjan","family":"Szponar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hsing-Yi","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Makiko","family":"Sekiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Khanh","family":"Le Nguyen Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Balakrishna","family":"Nagalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kalpagam","family":"Polasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sesikeran","family":"Boindala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jalila","family":"El Ati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ivonne Ramirez","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Juan Rivera","family":"Dommarco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Barquera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Illescas-Zarate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Luz Maria","family":"Sanchez-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nayu","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sahar","family":"Zaghloul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anahita","family":"Houshiar-rad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Mohammadi-Nasrabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Morteza","family":"Abdollahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Khun-Aik","family":"Chuah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zaleha Abdullah","family":"Mahdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Eldridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eric L.","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Herculina","family":"Kruger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sigrun","family":"Henjum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Milton Fabian","family":"Suarez-Ortegon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nawal","family":"Al-Hamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Veronika","family":"Jansk\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Reema","family":"Tayyem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Parvin","family":"Mirmiran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Roya","family":"Kelishadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eva Warensjo","family":"Lemming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Almut","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gert","family":"Mensink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lothar","family":"Wieler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"Salanave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cho-il","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Kuriyan-Raj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sumathi","family":"Swaminathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Garriguet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Dastgiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sirje","family":"Vaask","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tilakavati","family":"Karupaiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fatemeh Vida","family":"Zohoori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Esteghamati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Hashemian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sina","family":"Noshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Mwaniki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Yakes-Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Chileshe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sydney","family":"Mwanza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lydia Lera","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alan Martin","family":"Preston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Samuel Duran","family":"Aguero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Oleas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Luz","family":"Posada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Angelica","family":"Ochoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Khadijah","family":"Shamsuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zalilah Mohd","family":"Shariff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Jan Bin Jan Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wan","family":"Manan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anca","family":"Nicolau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Tudorie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bee Koon","family":"Poh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Abbott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mohammadreza","family":"Pakseresht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sangita","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tor","family":"Strand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ute","family":"Alexy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ute","family":"N\u00f6thlings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Carmikle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Koster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Indu","family":"Waidyatilaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pulani","family":"Lanerolle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ranil","family":"Jayawardena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Julie M.","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"K. Michael","family":"Hambidge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nancy F.","family":"Krebs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aminul","family":"Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gudrun B.","family":"Keding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Liisa","family":"Korkalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maijaliisa","family":"Erkkola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Riitta","family":"Freese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Laila","family":"Eleraky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Stuetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Inga","family":"Thorsdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ingibjorg","family":"Gunnarsdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lluis","family":"Serra-Majem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Foong Ming","family":"Moy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Jeewon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Corina Aurelia","family":"Zugravu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Adair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shu Wen","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sheila","family":"Skeaff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dirce","family":"Marchioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Regina","family":"Fisberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Getahun","family":"Ersino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Zello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alexa","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Elmadfa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Claudette","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Balfour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Johanna M.","family":"Geleijnse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Manary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tatyana","family":"El-kour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Laetitia","family":"Nikiema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Masoud","family":"Mirzaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rubina","family":"Hakeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2278_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71908-9","volume":"10","author":"X Lin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lin, X. et al. Global, regional, and national burden and trend of diabetes in 195 countries and territories: an analysis from 1990 to 2025. Sci. Rep. 10, 14790 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2278_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30752-2","volume":"396","author":"CJL Murray","year":"2020","unstructured":"Murray, C. J. L. et al. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 396, 1223\u20131249 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2278_CR3","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation. (2021). IDF Diabetes Atlas, 10th Edition Brussels, Belgium: International DiabetesFederation. http:\/\/www.diabetesatlas.org"},{"key":"2278_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00618-8","volume":"387","author":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC","year":"2016","unstructured":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants. Lancet 387, 1513\u20131530 (2016).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2278_CR5","unstructured":"World Obesity Federation. World Obesity Atlas 2022 https:\/\/www.worldobesity.org\/resources\/resource-library\/world-obesity-atlas-2022 (2022)."},{"key":"2278_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010636","volume":"132","author":"GM Singh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Singh, G. M. et al. Estimated global, regional, and national disease burdens related to sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in 2010. Circulation 132, 639\u2013666 (2015).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2278_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0151503","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151503","volume":"11","author":"MC Otto","year":"2016","unstructured":"Otto, M. C. et al. The impact of dietary and metabolic risk factors on cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mortality in Brazil. PloS ONE 11, e0151503 (2016).","journal-title":"PloS ONE"},{"key":"2278_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e013283","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013283","volume":"6","author":"Y Cho","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cho, Y. et al. Estimating change in cardiovascular disease and diabetes burdens due to dietary and metabolic factors in Korea 1998\u20132011: a comparative risk assessment analysis. BMJ Open 6, e013283 (2016).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2278_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.0947","volume":"317","author":"R Micha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Micha, R. et al. Association between dietary factors and mortality from heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes in the United States. JAMA 317, 912\u2013924 (2017).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2278_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303368","volume":"106","author":"MY Yakoob","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yakoob, M. Y. et al. Impact of dietary and metabolic risk factors on cardiovascular and diabetes mortality in South Asia: analysis from the 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study. Am. J. Public Health 106, 2113\u20132125 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"2278_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e006385","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006385","volume":"5","author":"A Afshin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Afshin, A. et al. The impact of dietary habits and metabolic risk factors on cardiovascular and diabetes mortality in countries of the Middle East and North Africa in 2010: a comparative risk assessment analysis. BMJ Open 5, e006385 (2015).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2278_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0175149","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175149","volume":"12","author":"R Micha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Micha, R. et al. Etiologic effects and optimal intakes of foods and nutrients for risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes: systematic reviews and meta-analyses from the Nutrition and Chronic Diseases Expert Group (NutriCoDE). PLoS ONE 12, e0175149 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2278_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02319-9","volume":"60","author":"D Stefler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stefler, D. et al. Traditional eastern European diet and mortality: prospective evidence from the HAPIEE study. Eur. J. Nutr. 60, 1091\u20131100 (2021).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"2278_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13126","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13126","volume":"21","author":"P Baker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baker, P. et al. Ultra-processed foods and the nutrition transition: global, regional and national trends, food systems transformations and political economy drivers. Obes. Rev. 21, e13126 (2020).","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"2278_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0225101","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225101","volume":"14","author":"I Kovalskys","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kovalskys, I. et al. Latin American consumption of major food groups: results from the ELANS study. PLoS ONE 14, e0225101 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2278_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02635-8","volume":"61","author":"RM Fisberg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fisberg, R. M. et al. Total and whole grain intake in Latin America: findings from the multicenter cross-sectional Latin American Study of Health and Nutrition (ELANS). Eur. J. Nutr. 61, 489\u2013501 (2022).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"2278_CR17","first-page":"300","volume":"56","author":"S Shangguan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shangguan, S. et al. A meta-analysis of food labeling effects on consumer diet behaviors and industry practices. Am. J. Prev. Med. 56, 300\u2013314 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J."},{"key":"2278_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e026390","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026390","volume":"9","author":"A Muhammad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Muhammad, A., Meade, B., Marquardt, D. R. & Mozaffarian, D. Global patterns in price elasticities of sugar-sweetened beverage intake and potential effectiveness of tax policy: a cross-sectional study of 164 countries by sex, age and global-income decile. BMJ Open 9, e026390 (2019).","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2278_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002311","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002311","volume":"14","author":"J Pearson-Stuttard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pearson-Stuttard, J. et al. Reducing US cardiovascular disease burden and disparities through national and targeted dietary policies: a modelling study. PLoS Med. 14, e1002311 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"2278_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-022-01075-9","volume":"76","author":"M O\u2019Hearn","year":"2022","unstructured":"O\u2019Hearn, M., Gerber, S., Cruz, S. M. & Mozaffarian, D. The time is ripe for ESG\u2009+\u2009nutrition: evidence-based nutrition metrics for environmental, social, and governance (ESG) investing. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 76, 1047\u20131052 (2022).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"2278_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e243","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00352-1","volume":"6","author":"V Miller","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miller, V. et al. Global, regional, and national consumption of animal-source foods between 1990 and 2018: findings from the Global Dietary Database. Lancet Planet. Health 6, e243\u2013e256 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"key":"2278_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1171-x","volume":"569","author":"H Bixby","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bixby, H. et al. Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults. Nature 569, 260\u2013264 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2278_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e65174","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065174","volume":"8","author":"GM Singh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Singh, G. M. et al. The age-specific quantitative effects of metabolic risk factors on cardiovascular diseases and diabetes: a pooled analysis. PLoS ONE 8, e65174 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2278_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuz021","volume":"77","author":"LS Taillie","year":"2019","unstructured":"Taillie, L. S., Busey, E., Stoltze, F. M. & Dillman Carpentier, F. R. Governmental policies to reduce unhealthy food marketing to children. Nutr. Rev. 77, 787\u2013816 (2019).","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"2278_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0200378","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200378","volume":"13","author":"KL Rosettie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rosettie, K. L. et al. Comparative risk assessment of school food environment policies and childhood diets, childhood obesity, and future cardiometabolic mortality in the United States. PLoS ONE 13, e0200378 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2278_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2022.02.008","volume":"122","author":"KA Vercammen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vercammen, K. A. et al. Estimated reductions in added sugar intake among US children and youth in response to sugar reduction targets. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 122, 1455\u20131464 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"2278_CR27","unstructured":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight. eLife 10, e60060 (2021)."},{"key":"2278_CR28","unstructured":"United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. World Population Ageing 2019: Highlights https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/development\/desa\/population\/publications\/pdf\/ageing\/WorldPopulationAgeing2019-Highlights.pdf (2019)."},{"key":"2278_CR29","unstructured":"World Bank\u2014World Development Indicators. Population Growth (Annual %) https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.GROW (2022)."},{"key":"2278_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665116000641","volume":"75","author":"Y He","year":"2016","unstructured":"He, Y., Yang, X., Xia, J., Zhao, L. & Yang, Y. Consumption of meat and dairy products in China: a review. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 75, 385\u2013391 (2016).","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"2278_CR31","unstructured":"Lee, T. & Hansen, J. Southeast Asia\u2019s Growing Meat Demand and Its Implications for Feedstuffs Imports https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/amber-waves\/2019\/april\/southeast-asia-s-growing-meat-demand-and-its-implications-for-feedstuffs-imports\/ (2019)."},{"key":"2278_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.06.005","volume":"141","author":"AB Milford","year":"2019","unstructured":"Milford, A. B., Le Mou\u00ebl, C., Bodirsky, B. L. & Rolinski, S. Drivers of meat consumption. Appetite 141, 104313 (2019).","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"2278_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2120584119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2120584119","volume":"119","author":"M Clark","year":"2022","unstructured":"Clark, M. et al. Estimating the environmental impacts of 57,000 food products. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 119, e2120584119 (2022).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2278_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001253","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001253","volume":"9","author":"EU Igumbor","year":"2012","unstructured":"Igumbor, E. U. et al. \u201cBig food,\u201d the consumer food environment, health, and the policy response in South Africa. PLoS Med. 9, e1001253 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"2278_CR35","unstructured":"Musaiger, A. Food Consumption Patterns in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (Arab Center for Nutrition, 2011)."},{"key":"2278_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2006.08.001","volume":"32","author":"P Pingali","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pingali, P. Westernization of Asian diets and the transformation of food systems: implications for research and policy. Food Policy 32, 281\u2013298 (2007).","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"2278_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0205694","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205694","volume":"13","author":"P Bergallo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bergallo, P., Castagnari, V., Fern\u00e1ndez, A. & Mej\u00eda, R. Regulatory initiatives to reduce sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in Latin America. PLoS ONE 13, e0205694 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2278_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003015","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003015","volume":"17","author":"LS Taillie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Taillie, L. S., Reyes, M., Colchero, M. A., Popkin, B. & Corval\u00e1n, C. An evaluation of Chile\u2019s Law of Food Labeling and Advertising on sugar-sweetened beverage purchases from 2015 to 2017: a before-and-after study. PLOS Med. 17, e1003015 (2020).","journal-title":"PLOS Med."},{"key":"2278_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2016.1231","volume":"36","author":"MA Colchero","year":"2017","unstructured":"Colchero, M. A., Rivera-Dommarco, J., Popkin, B. M. & Ng, S. W. In Mexico, evidence of sustained consumer response two years after implementing a sugar-sweetened beverage tax. Health Aff. 36, 564\u2013571 (2017).","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"key":"2278_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e200","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30304-1","volume":"5","author":"N Stacey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stacey, N. et al. Changes in beverage purchases following the announcement and implementation of South Africa\u2019s Health Promotion Levy: an observational study. Lancet Planet. Health 5, e200\u2013e208 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"key":"2278_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.139683","volume":"105","author":"JP Karl","year":"2017","unstructured":"Karl, J. P. et al. Substituting whole grains for refined grains in a 6-wk randomized trial favorably affects energy-balance metrics in healthy men and postmenopausal women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 105, 589\u2013599 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"2278_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.146928","volume":"105","author":"SM Vanegas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vanegas, S. M. et al. Substituting whole grains for refined grains in a 6-wk randomized trial has a modest effect on gut microbiota and immune and inflammatory markers of healthy adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 105, 635\u2013650 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"2278_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.230508","volume":"146","author":"JP Kirwan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kirwan, J. P. et al. A whole-grain diet reduces cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese adults: a randomized controlled trial. J. Nutr. 146, 2244\u20132251 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"2278_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018585","volume":"133","author":"D Mozaffarian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mozaffarian, D. Dietary and policy priorities for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity: a comprehensive review. Circulation 133, 187\u2013225 (2016).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2278_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68440-1","volume":"10","author":"T Kocsis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kocsis, T. et al. Probiotics have beneficial metabolic effects in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Sci. Rep. 10, 11787 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2278_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030671","volume":"11","author":"E Barengolts","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barengolts, E., Smith, E. D., Reutrakul, S., Tonucci, L. & Anothaisintawee, T. The effect of probiotic yogurt on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes or obesity: a meta-analysis of nine randomized controlled trials. Nutrients 11, 671 (2019).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2278_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2022.102333","volume":"53","author":"A Mazenc","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mazenc, A. et al. Maternal heme-enriched diet promotes a gut pro-oxidative status associated with microbiota alteration, gut leakiness and glucose intolerance in mice offspring. Redox Biol. 53, 102333 (2022).","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"2278_CR48","first-page":"e18990","volume":"13","author":"L Durrani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Durrani, L. et al. Correlation between high serum ferritin level and gestational diabetes: a systematic review. Cureus 13, e18990 (2021).","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2278_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.101238","volume":"102","author":"AM Fretts","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fretts, A. M. et al. Consumption of meat is associated with higher fasting glucose and insulin concentrations regardless of glucose and insulin genetic risk scores: a meta-analysis of 50,345 Caucasians. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 102, 1266\u20131278 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"2278_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01052-7","volume":"9","author":"J Mayneris-Perxachs","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mayneris-Perxachs, J. et al. Iron status influences non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obesity through the gut microbiome. Microbiome 9, 104 (2021).","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"2278_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-022-02813-2","volume":"61","author":"H Shahinfar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shahinfar, H., Jayedi, A. & Shab-Bidar, S. Dietary iron intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose\u2013response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur. J. Nutr. 61, 2279\u20132296 (2022).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"2278_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-136","volume":"11","author":"R Micha","year":"2013","unstructured":"Micha, R., Michas, G., Lajous, M. & Mozaffarian, D. Processing of meats and cardiovascular risk: time to focus on preservatives. BMC Med. 11, 136 (2013).","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"2278_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30041-8","volume":"393","author":"A Afshin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Afshin, A. et al. Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 393, 1958\u20131972 (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2278_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00186-3","volume":"10","author":"E Cousin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cousin, E. et al. Burden of diabetes and hyperglycaemia in adults in the Americas, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 10, 655\u2013667 (2022).","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"2278_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-7954-1-1","volume":"1","author":"CJL Murray","year":"2003","unstructured":"Murray, C. J. L., Ezzati, M., Lopez, A. D., Rodgers, A. & Vander Hoorn, S. Comparative quantification of health risks: conceptual framework and methodological issues. Popul. Health Metr. 1, 1 (2003).","journal-title":"Popul. Health Metr."},{"key":"2278_CR56","unstructured":"Global Nutrition and Policy Consortium: Home of the Global Dietary Database. (Accessed October 1, 2019) http:\/\/www.globaldietarydatabase.org\/"},{"key":"2278_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32129-3","volume":"390","author":"L Abarca-G\u00f3mez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abarca-G\u00f3mez, L. et al. Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet 390, 2627\u20132642 (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2278_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","volume":"396","author":"T Vos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vos, T. et al. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 396, 1204\u20131222 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2278_CR59","unstructured":"Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network. Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019) Results http:\/\/ghdx.healthdata.org\/gbd-results-tool (2020)."},{"key":"2278_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1014296","volume":"364","author":"D Mozaffarian","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mozaffarian, D., Hao, T., Rimm, E. B., Willett, W. C. & Hu, F. B. Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men. N. Engl. J. Med. 364, 2392\u20132404 (2011).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2278_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2146705","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.46705","volume":"5","author":"V Miller","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miller, V. et al. Evaluation of the quality of evidence of the association of foods and nutrients with cardiovascular disease and diabetes: a systematic review. JAMA Netw. Open 5, e2146705 (2022).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"2278_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31809-9","volume":"393","author":"A Reynolds","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reynolds, A. et al. Carbohydrate quality and human health: a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Lancet 393, 434\u2013445 (2019).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2278_CR63","unstructured":"United Nations Population Division. Total Population by Sex (Thousands) https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\/DataQuery\/2019 (2019)."},{"key":"2278_CR64","unstructured":"United Nations Population Division. Urban Population (% of Total Population) https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS2018 (2018)."},{"key":"2278_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2012.10.001","volume":"104","author":"R Barro","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barro, R. & Lee, J. A new data set of educational attainment in the world, 1950\u20132010. J. Dev. Econ. 104, 184\u2013198 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Dev. Econ."},{"key":"2278_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2011.147","volume":"66","author":"R Micha","year":"2011","unstructured":"Micha, R. et al. Estimating the global and regional burden of suboptimal nutrition on chronic disease: methods and inputs to the analysis. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 66, 119\u2013129 (2011).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"2278_CR67","first-page":"295","volume":"58","author":"AB Hill","year":"1965","unstructured":"Hill, A. B. The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc. R. Soc. Med. 58, 295\u2013300 (1965).","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"2278_CR68","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases: Report of a Joint WHO\/FAO Expert Consultation (World Health Organization, 2003)."},{"key":"2278_CR69","unstructured":"World Cancer Research Fund\/American Institute for Cancer Research. Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Cancer: a Global Perspective. Continuous Project Expert Report 2018 https:\/\/www.wcrf.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Summary-of-Third-Expert-Report-2018.pdf (2020)."},{"key":"2278_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e003585","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003585","volume":"6","author":"V Miller","year":"2021","unstructured":"Miller, V. et al. Global Dietary Database 2017: data availability and gaps on 54 major foods, beverages and nutrients among 5.6 million children and adults from 1220 surveys worldwide. BMJ Glob. Health 6, e003585 (2021).","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"2278_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/53.4.1039S","volume":"53","author":"MY Abeywardena","year":"1991","unstructured":"Abeywardena, M. Y., McLennan, P. L. & Charnock, J. S. Changes in myocardial eicosanoid production following long-term dietary lipid supplementation in rats. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 53, 1039S\u20131041S (1991).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"2278_CR72","unstructured":"United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Food Availability Data http:\/\/www.fao.org\/faostat\/en\/#home (2023)."},{"key":"2278_CR73","first-page":"2281","volume":"31","author":"FS Atkinson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Atkinson, F. S., Foster-Powell, K. & Brand-Miller, J. C. International tables of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2008. Diabetes Care 31, 2281\u20132283 (2008).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2278_CR74","unstructured":"US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. USDA Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies 2017\u20132018 https:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/nea\/bnrc\/fsrg (2018)."},{"key":"2278_CR75","unstructured":"National Research Council. Nutrient Adequacy: Assessment Using Food Consumption Surveys (National Academy of Sciences, 1986)."},{"key":"2278_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(21)02223-9","volume":"89","author":"LJ Emrich","year":"1989","unstructured":"Emrich, L. J., Dennison, D. & Dennison, K. F. Distributional shape of nutrition data. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 89, 665\u2013670 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"2278_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.838","volume":"20","author":"HY Chang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chang, H. Y., Suchindran, C. M. & Pan, W. H. Using the overdispersed exponential family to estimate the distribution of usual daily intakes of people aged between 18 and 28 in Taiwan. Stat. Med. 20, 2337\u20132350 (2001).","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"2278_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126597","volume":"62","author":"K Yokoi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yokoi, K. Simplified population data analysis using gamma distribution for nutritional requirements and its application to the estimation of iron requirements for women of child-bearing age. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 62, 126597 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"2278_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3182(12)81038-7","volume":"24","author":"HH Jensen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Jensen, H. H., Nusser, S. M., Riddick, H. & Sands, L. A critique of two methods for assessing the nutrient adequacy of diets. J. Nutr. Educ. 24, 123\u2013129 (1992).","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Educ."},{"key":"2278_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-7954-10-22","volume":"10","author":"GA Stevens","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stevens, G. A. et al. National, regional, and global trends in adult overweight and obesity prevalences. Popul. Health Metr. 10, 22 (2012).","journal-title":"Popul. Health Metr."},{"key":"2278_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0246-y","volume":"32","author":"L Schwingshackl","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schwingshackl, L. et al. Food groups and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 32, 363\u2013375 (2017).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"2278_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-013-9852-5","volume":"28","author":"D Aune","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aune, D., Norat, T., Romundstad, P. & Vatten, L. J. Whole grain and refined grain consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose\u2013response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 28, 845\u2013858 (2013).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"2278_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61766-8","volume":"380","author":"SS Lim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lim, S. S. et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990\u20132010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380, 2224\u20132260 (2012).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2278_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60679-X","volume":"378","author":"G Danaei","year":"2011","unstructured":"Danaei, G. et al. National, regional, and global trends in fasting plasma glucose and diabetes prevalence since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 370 country\u2013years and 2\u00b77 million participants. Lancet 378, 31\u201340 (2011).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2278_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62037-5","volume":"377","author":"MM Finucane","year":"2011","unstructured":"Finucane, M. M. et al. National, regional, and global trends in body-mass index since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 960 country\u2013years and 9\u00b71 million participants. Lancet 377, 557\u2013567 (2011).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2278_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7287.631","volume":"322","author":"S Liu","year":"2001","unstructured":"Liu, S. & Manson, J. E. What is the optimal weight for cardiovascular health. BMJ 322, 631\u2013632 (2001).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2278_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.2.284","volume":"83","author":"TL Halton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Halton, T. L. et al. Potato and French fry consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 83, 284\u2013290 (2006).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"2278_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1843395","volume":"62","author":"W Quan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Quan, W. et al. Processed potatoes intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of nine prospective cohort studies. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 62, 1417\u20131425 (2022).","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"2278_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy130","volume":"10","author":"A Herforth","year":"2019","unstructured":"Herforth, A. et al. A global review of food-based dietary guidelines. Adv. Nutr. 10, 590\u2013605 (2019).","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"2278_CR90","unstructured":"Chinese Nutrition Society. Chinese Food Guide Pagoda https:\/\/www.fao.org\/nutrition\/education\/food-dietary-guidelines\/regions\/countries\/china\/en\/ (2016)."},{"key":"2278_CR91","unstructured":"German Nutrition Society (DGE). DGE Nutrition Circle https:\/\/www.dge.de\/ernaehrungspraxis\/vollwertige-ernaehrung\/ernaehrungskreis\/ (2022)."},{"key":"2278_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11061280","volume":"11","author":"G Livesey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Livesey, G. et al. Dietary glycemic index and load and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and updated meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies. Nutrients 11, 1280 (2019).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2278_CR93","first-page":"S15","volume":"44","author":"American Diabetes Association.","year":"2020","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes\u20142021. Diabetes Care 44, S15\u2013S33 (2020).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2278_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","volume":"392","author":"GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators.","year":"2018","unstructured":"GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 392, 1789\u20131858 (2018).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2278_CR95","first-page":"780","volume":"39","author":"GR Dagenais","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dagenais, G. R. et al. Variations in diabetes prevalence in low-, middle-, and high-income countries: results from the prospective urban and rural epidemiological study. Diabetes Care 39, 780\u2013787 (2016).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2278_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr029","volume":"40","author":"E Agardh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Agardh, E., Allebeck, P., Hallqvist, J., Moradi, T. & Sidorchuk, A. Type 2 diabetes incidence and socio-economic position: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Epidemiol. 40, 804\u2013818 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"2278_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-017-0997-z","volume":"16","author":"NR den Braver","year":"2018","unstructured":"den Braver, N. R. et al. Built environmental characteristics and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 16, 12 (2018).","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"2278_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980007246749","volume":"10","author":"AK Kant","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kant, A. K. & Graubard, B. I. Secular trends in the association of socio-economic position with self-reported dietary attributes and biomarkers in the US population: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1971\u20131975 to NHANES 1999\u20132002. Public Health Nutr. 10, 158\u2013167 (2007).","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"2278_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072404","volume":"13","author":"G G\u00f3mez","year":"2021","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez, G. et al. Socioeconomic status impact on diet quality and body mass index in eight Latin American countries: ELANS study results. Nutrients 13, 2404 (2021).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2278_CR100","first-page":"767","volume":"43","author":"JA Seiglie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seiglie, J. A. et al. Diabetes prevalence and its relationship with education, wealth, and BMI in 29 low- and middle-income countries. Diabetes Care 43, 767\u2013775 (2020).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2278_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2012.05.029","volume":"126","author":"A O\u2019Connor","year":"2012","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor, A. & Wellenius, G. Rural\u2013urban disparities in the prevalence of diabetes and coronary heart disease. Public Health 126, 813\u2013820 (2012).","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"2278_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e190411","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.0411","volume":"2","author":"DJ Corsi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Corsi, D. J. & Subramanian, S. V. Socioeconomic gradients and distribution of diabetes, hypertension, and obesity in India. JAMA Netw. Open 2, e190411 (2019).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"2278_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.129320","volume":"104","author":"LE Olsho","year":"2016","unstructured":"Olsho, L. E., Klerman, J. A., Wilde, P. E. & Bartlett, S. Financial incentives increase fruit and vegetable intake among Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program participants: a randomized controlled trial of the USDA Healthy Incentives Pilot. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 104, 423\u2013435 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"2278_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.08.023","volume":"52","author":"LEW Olsho","year":"2017","unstructured":"Olsho, L. E. W., Klerman, J. A., Bartlett, S. H. & Logan, C. W. Rebates to incentivize healthy nutrition choices in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. Am. J. Prev. Med. 52, S161\u2013S170 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"2278_CR105","unstructured":"Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network. Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019) Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) 1950\u20132019 https:\/\/ghdx.healthdata.org\/record\/ihme-data\/gbd-2019-socio-demographic-index-sdi-1950-2019 (2022)."},{"key":"2278_CR106","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2020)."}],"container-title":["Nature Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-023-02278-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-023-02278-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-023-02278-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T15:08:39Z","timestamp":1681916919000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41591-023-02278-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["2278"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-023-02278-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1078-8956","1546-170X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1078-8956","type":"print"},{"value":"1546-170X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 September 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 February 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 April 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"M. OHearn reports research funding from the Gates Foundation, as well as the National Institutes of Health and Vail Innovative Global Research and employment with Food Systems for the Future, outside of the submitted work. L. Lara-Castor reports research funding from the Gate Foundation, as well as the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT), Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy and the American Heart Association, outside of the submitted work. V. Miller reports research funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the American Heart Association, outside of the submitted work. F. Cudhea, J. Zhang, and P. Shi report research funding form the Gates Foundation, as well as the National Institutes of Health, outside of the submitted work. J. Reedy reports research funding from the Gates Foundation, as well as the National Institutes of Health, Nestl\u00e9, Rockefeller Foundation, and Kaiser Permanent Fund at East Bay Community Foundation, outside of the submitted work. J. Wong reports research funding from the National Institutes of Health and membership in the US Preventative Services Task Force (unpaid) and the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine Committee on Evaluating the Process to Develop the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020\u20132025 (unpaid), outside the submitted work. C. Economos reports research funding from the United States Department of Agriculture, the National Institutes of Health, the JPB Foundation and Newman\u2019s Own Foundation. She also reports her position as vice chair to the National Academies of Science Roundtable on Obesity Solutions (unpaid) and her prior advisory board position at Care\/Of Scientific. None of the above relate to this paper. R. Micha reports research funding from the Gates Foundation, as well as the National Institutes of Health, Nestl\u00e9 and Danone, outside the submitted work. She also reports consulting fees as IEG chair of the Global Nutrition Report, outside the submitted work. D. Mozaffarian reports funding from the National Institutes of Health, the Gates Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, Vail Innovative Global Research and the Kaiser Permanente Fund at East Bay Community Foundation; personal fees from Acasti Pharma, Barilla, Danone and Motif FoodWorks; is on the scientific advisory board for Beren Therapeutics, Brightseed, Calibrate, DiscernDx, Elysium Health, Filtricine, HumanCo, January, Perfect Day, Tiny Organics and (ended) Day Two and Season Health; has stock ownership in Calibrate and HumanCo; and receives chapter royalties from UpToDate.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}