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C.S.W., B.R., M.M., S. Ries, T.R., K.K., A. Amin, T.D., F.H., L.L., O.M., A.K., P.F., A. Auckenthaler, S. Rao., E.L. and F.S.L. are current or former employees of CatalYm GmbH and\/or hold stock options of CatalYm GmbH. J.W. has received research funding or consulting and\/or advisory fees from CatalYm GmbH. C.S.W., J.W., K.K., M.M., F.H. and E.L. are inventors on patents related to visugromab and anti-GDF-15 treatment. A.N., C.M., B.A.M., M.P., A.C., R.I., C.C., C.L., P. Giannatempo, A.R., P. Gontero and F.S. were clinical investigators; investigator fees were paid to their institutions. Several coauthors declare potentially competing interests (grants or contracts and\/or royalties or licenses, stock or stock options, consulting fees, honoraria, travel or meeting support, or advisory or data safety monitoring board participation) apart from their relationship with CatalYm GmbH: A.N. (grants and consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme and Gilead Sciences; consulting fees from Johnson & Johnson, Samsung Bioepis, Daiichi Sankyo and Pfizer; meeting\/travel support from Gilead, Johnson & Johnson and Merck Sharp & Dohme); C.M. (honoraria from Astellas and AstraZeneca; travel\/meeting support from Bayer, Ipsen and Johnson & Johnson); B.A.M. (research funding from Merck Serono; consulting\/advisory roles for Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Johnson & Johnson, Ipsen, Merck Serono and Merck Sharp & Dohme; meeting\/travel support from Ipsen, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer); A.C. (honoraria from Astellas and Merck Sharp & Dohme; meeting\/travel support from Ipsen and Merck, Sharp & Dohme; advisory or safety monitoring board activities for Johnson & Johnson); R.I. (consulting fees and honoraria from Astellas, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Johnson & Johnson and Merck Sharp & Dohme; advisory or safety monitoring board activities for Astellas, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Johnson & Johnson, Merck Sharp & Dohme and Pfizer); C.C. (advisory board roles and\/or meeting\/travel support from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eisai, Ipsen, Janssen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Pfizer); P. Giannatempo (consulting fees, honoraria and travel\/meeting support from Astellas, AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson, Merck and Merck Sharp & Dohme); P. Gontero (research grants and meeting\/travel support from Intuitive Surgical and CRT Foundation; Consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer and Photocure; honoraria from AstraZeneca, Ferring, Medac and Merck); F.S. (consulting fees from Accord, AstraZeneca, Cepheid, Ferring, Johnson & Johnson, Medac, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer and Photocure; honoraria from AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and Medac; advisory or safety monitoring board activities for Accord, AstraZeneca, Cepheid, Ferring, Johnson & Johnson, Medac, Merck Sharp & Dohme and Pfizer); J.W. (research grants (Transcan-3) from the German Ministry for Education & Research; inventor royalties from patents owned by the Julius-Maximilians-University W\u00fcrzburg); F.H. (consulting fees, co-ownership and stock options of Avenor Therapeutics; employment at Thermosome until March 2026); L.L. (stock options held from Novartis); and P.F. (stock options from Amgen and BioNTech). M.P., C.L. and A.R. declared no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}