{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T09:52:04Z","timestamp":1791280324522,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Hypothesis Fund Seed Grant (ECD) VA National Center for PTSD"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Neurosci"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-026-02475-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T09:01:55Z","timestamp":1791277315000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Human claustrum neurons encode uncertainty and prediction errors during aversive learning"],"prefix":"10.1038","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6704-8642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingyue","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7486-8118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Dalvit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4451-3759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio","family":"Medina-Pizarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0698-5678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximilian","family":"Dougherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3044-4959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yajun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Barreto-Nieves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Obaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arman","family":"Afrasiyabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5823-1985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Smita","family":"Krishnaswamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3153-1221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfred P.","family":"Kaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2290-7055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murat","family":"G\u00fcnel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6952-1726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John H.","family":"Krystal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2003-5473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin N.","family":"Sheth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9373-987X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaosi","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2117-9321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher P.","family":"Pittenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9021-3282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toby","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8854-1335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eyiyemisi C.","family":"Damisah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2475_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.09.069","volume":"30","author":"JB Smith","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smith, J. B., Lee, A. K. & Jackson, J. The claustrum. Curr. Biol. 30, R1401\u2013R1406 (2020).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2475_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-092519-101637","volume":"43","author":"J Jackson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jackson, J., Smith, J. B. & Lee, A. K. The anatomy and physiology of claustrum-cortex interactions. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 43, 231\u2013247 (2020).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"2475_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.02.037","volume":"188","author":"Y Lei","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lei, Y. et al. Single-cell spatial transcriptome atlas and whole-brain connectivity of the macaque claustrum. Cell 188, 3863\u20133881 (2025).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2475_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2005.1661","volume":"360","author":"FC Crick","year":"2005","unstructured":"Crick, F. C. & Koch, C. What is the function of the claustrum? Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 360, 1271\u20131279 (2005).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"2475_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112118","volume":"42","author":"Q Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, Q. et al. Regional and cell-type-specific afferent and efferent projections of the mouse claustrum. Cell Rep. 42, 112118 (2023).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"2475_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.07.031","volume":"99","author":"J Jackson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jackson, J., Karnani, M. M., Zemelman, B. V., Burdakov, D. & Lee, A. K. Inhibitory control of prefrontal cortex by the claustrum. Neuron 99, 1029\u20131039 (2018).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2475_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.07.007","volume":"79","author":"A Shenhav","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shenhav, A., Botvinick, M. M. & Cohen, J. D. The expected value of control: an integrative theory of anterior cingulate cortex function. Neuron 79, 217\u2013240 (2013).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2475_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3857","volume":"16","author":"LQ Uddin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Uddin, L. Q. Salience processing and insular cortical function and dysfunction. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 16, 55\u201361 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"2475_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.03.020","volume":"88","author":"MG White","year":"2020","unstructured":"White, M. G. et al. The mouse claustrum is required for optimal behavioral performance under high cognitive demand. Biol. Psychiatry 88, 719\u2013726 (2020).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2475_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.12.023","volume":"22","author":"MG White","year":"2018","unstructured":"White, M. G. et al. Anterior cingulate cortex input to the claustrum is required for top-down action control. Cell Rep. 22, 84\u201395 (2018).","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"2475_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-018-1661-x","volume":"223","author":"MG White","year":"2018","unstructured":"White, M. G. & Mathur, B. N. Frontal cortical control of posterior sensory and association cortices through the claustrum. Brain Struct. Funct. 223, 2999\u20133006 (2018).","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"2475_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.10.026","volume":"111","author":"EG McBride","year":"2023","unstructured":"McBride, E. G. et al. Influence of claustrum on cortex varies by area, layer, and cell type. Neuron 111, 275\u2013290 (2023).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2475_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12902","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2937-10.2010","volume":"30","author":"R Remedios","year":"2010","unstructured":"Remedios, R., Logothetis, N. K. & Kayser, C. Unimodal responses prevail within the multisensory claustrum. J. Neurosci. 30, 12902\u201312907 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2475_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17977-w","volume":"11","author":"T Wise","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wise, T. & Dolan, R. J. Associations between aversive learning processes and transdiagnostic psychiatric symptoms in a general population sample. Nat. Commun. 11, 4179 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2475_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2018.00090","volume":"12","author":"T Parr","year":"2018","unstructured":"Parr, T. & Friston, K. J. The anatomy of inference: generative models and brain structure. Front. Comput. Neurosci. 12, 90 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Comput. Neurosci."},{"key":"2475_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2787","volume":"11","author":"K Friston","year":"2010","unstructured":"Friston, K. The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory? Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11, 127\u2013138 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"2475_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2005.1622","volume":"360","author":"K Friston","year":"2005","unstructured":"Friston, K. A theory of cortical responses. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 360, 815\u2013836 (2005).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"2475_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.10.038","volume":"76","author":"AM Bastos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bastos, A. M. et al. Canonical microcircuits for predictive coding. Neuron 76, 695\u2013711 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2475_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20140169","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0169","volume":"370","author":"R Kanai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kanai, R., Komura, Y., Shipp, S. & Friston, K. Cerebral hierarchies: predictive processing, precision and the pulvinar. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 370, 20140169 (2015).","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"2475_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5364.747","volume":"280","author":"CS Carter","year":"1998","unstructured":"Carter, C. S. et al. Anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring of performance. Science 280, 747\u2013749 (1998).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2475_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-070815-013952","volume":"39","author":"SR Heilbronner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heilbronner, S. R. & Hayden, B. Y. Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex: a bottom-up view. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 39, 149\u2013170 (2016).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"2475_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4382","volume":"19","author":"N Kolling","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kolling, N. et al. Value, search, persistence and model updating in anterior cingulate cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 19, 1280\u20131285 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2475_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-010-0262-0","volume":"214","author":"V Menon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Menon, V. & Uddin, L. Q. Saliency, switching, attention and control: a network model of insula function. Brain Struct. Funct. 214, 655\u2013667 (2010).","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"2475_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00072-y","volume":"8","author":"IE Monosov","year":"2017","unstructured":"Monosov, I. E. Anterior cingulate is a source of valence-specific information about value and uncertainty. Nat. Commun. 8, 134 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2475_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.11.016","volume":"101","author":"Z Fu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fu, Z. et al. Single-neuron correlates of error monitoring and post-error adjustments in human medial frontal cortex. Neuron 101, 165\u2013177 (2019).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2475_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.10.009","volume":"30","author":"IE Monosov","year":"2020","unstructured":"Monosov, I. E., Haber, S. N., Leuthardt, E. C. & Jezzini, A. Anterior cingulate cortex and the control of dynamic behavior in primates. Curr. Biol. 30, R1442\u2013R1454 (2020).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2475_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2021.01.008","volume":"25","author":"CB Holroyd","year":"2021","unstructured":"Holroyd, C. B. & Verguts, T. The best laid plans: computational principles of anterior cingulate cortex. Trends Cogn. Sci. 25, 316\u2013329 (2021).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"2475_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1954","volume":"10","author":"TEJ Behrens","year":"2007","unstructured":"Behrens, T. E. J., Woolrich, M. W., Walton, M. E. & Rushworth, M. F. S. Learning the value of information in an uncertain world. Nat. Neurosci. 10, 1214\u20131221 (2007).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2475_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/nn2066","volume":"11","author":"MFS Rushworth","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rushworth, M. F. S. & Behrens, T. E. J. Choice, uncertainty and value in prefrontal and cingulate cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 11, 389\u2013397 (2008).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2475_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11239","volume":"488","author":"SA Sheth","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sheth, S. A. et al. Human dorsal anterior cingulate cortex neurons mediate ongoing behavioral adaptation. Nature 488, 218\u2013221 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2475_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.04.026","volume":"46","author":"AJ Yu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yu, A. J. & Dayan, P. Uncertainty, neuromodulation, and attention. Neuron 46, 681\u2013692 (2005).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2475_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1038\/14731","volume":"2","author":"A Borst","year":"1999","unstructured":"Borst, A. & Theunissen, F. E. Information theory and neural coding. Nat. Neurosci. 2, 947\u2013957 (1999).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2475_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2019.00064","volume":"13","author":"JB Smith","year":"2019","unstructured":"Smith, J. B. et al. A role for the claustrum in salience processing? Front. Neuroanat. 13, 64 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Neuroanat."},{"key":"2475_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04490","volume":"439","author":"JJ Paton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Paton, J. J., Belova, M. A., Morrison, S. E. & Salzman, C. D. The primate amygdala represents the positive and negative value of visual stimuli during learning. Nature 439, 865\u2013870 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2475_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.08.004","volume":"55","author":"MA Belova","year":"2007","unstructured":"Belova, M. A., Paton, J. J., Morrison, S. E. & Salzman, C. D. Expectation modulates neural responses to pleasant and aversive stimuli in primate amygdala. Neuron 55, 970\u2013984 (2007).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2475_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaav8736","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav8736","volume":"364","author":"J Gr\u00fcndemann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gr\u00fcndemann, J. et al. Amygdala ensembles encode behavioral states. Science 364, eaav8736 (2019).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2475_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"RP101980","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.101980.3","volume":"13","author":"M-S Kong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kong, M.-S., Ancell, E., Witten, D. M. & Zweifel, L. S. Valence and salience encoding in the central amygdala. eLife 13, RP101980 (2025).","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2475_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1162\/NECO_a_00912","volume":"29","author":"K Friston","year":"2017","unstructured":"Friston, K., FitzGerald, T., Rigoli, F., Schwartenbeck, P. & Pezzulo, G. Active inference: a process theory. Neural Comput. 29, 1\u201349 (2017).","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"2475_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.06.068","volume":"28","author":"G Atlan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Atlan, G. et al. The claustrum supports resilience to distraction. Curr. Biol. 28, 2752\u20132762 (2018).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2475_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-07256-5","volume":"7","author":"R Zahacy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zahacy, R., Ma, Y., Winship, I. R., Jackson, J. & Chan, A. W. Claustrum modulation drives altered prefrontal cortex dynamics and connectivity. Commun. Biol. 7, 1556 (2024).","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"2475_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1724","volume":"9","author":"SW Kennerley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kennerley, S. W., Walton, M. E., Behrens, T. E. J., Buckley, M. J. & Rushworth, M. F. S. Optimal decision making and the anterior cingulate cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 9, 940\u2013947 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2475_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.05.008","volume":"49","author":"M Silvetti","year":"2013","unstructured":"Silvetti, M., Seurinck, R. & Verguts, T. Value and prediction error estimation account for volatility effects in ACC: a model-based fMRI study. Cortex 49, 1627\u20131635 (2013).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2475_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E3660","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1305373110","volume":"110","author":"JX O\u2019Reilly","year":"2013","unstructured":"O\u2019Reilly, J. X. et al. Dissociable effects of surprise and model update in parietal and anterior cingulate cortex. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, E3660\u2013E3669 (2013).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2475_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.10.013","volume":"109","author":"T Akam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Akam, T. et al. The anterior cingulate cortex predicts future states to mediate model-based action selection. Neuron 109, 149\u2013163 (2021).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2475_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4178","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4652-10.2011","volume":"31","author":"BY Hayden","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hayden, B. Y., Heilbronner, S. R., Pearson, J. M. & Platt, M. L. Surprise signals in anterior cingulate cortex: neuronal encoding of unsigned reward prediction errors driving adjustment in behavior. J. Neurosci. 31, 4178\u20134187 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2475_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2961","volume":"14","author":"SW Kennerley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kennerley, S. W., Behrens, T. E. J. & Wallis, J. D. Double dissociation of value computations in orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate neurons. Nat. Neurosci. 14, 1581\u20131589 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2475_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50388-9","volume":"15","author":"W Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen, W., Liang, J., Wu, Q. & Han, Y. Anterior cingulate cortex provides the neural substrates for feedback-driven iteration of decision and value representation. Nat. Commun. 15, 6020 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2475_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51368-9","volume":"15","author":"N Cole","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cole, N., Harvey, M., Myers-Joseph, D., Gilra, A. & Khan, A. G. Prediction-error signals in anterior cingulate cortex drive task-switching. Nat. Commun. 15, 7088 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2475_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.05.018","volume":"113","author":"RL Treuting","year":"2025","unstructured":"Treuting, R. L. et al. Adaptive reinforcement learning is causally supported by anterior cingulate cortex and striatum. Neuron 113, 2708\u20132723 (2025).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2475_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01792","volume":"7","author":"S Shipp","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shipp, S. Neural elements for predictive coding. Front. Psychol. 7, 1792 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"2475_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.07.044","volume":"31","author":"D Yon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yon, D. & Frith, C. D. Precision and the Bayesian brain. Curr. Biol. 31, R1026\u2013R1032 (2021).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2475_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-025-02132-9","volume":"29","author":"SM Epp","year":"2026","unstructured":"Epp, S. M. et al. BOLD signal changes can oppose oxygen metabolism across the human cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 29, 1225\u20131236 (2026).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2475_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70768","DOI":"10.1002\/cns.70768","volume":"32","author":"Q Deng","year":"2026","unstructured":"Deng, Q. et al. Function of the human cingulate cortex: a Brainnetome Atlas-based study via cortical electrical stimulation in patients with epilepsy. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 32, e70768 (2026).","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"2475_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2021.113176","volume":"404","author":"AT Brockett","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brockett, A. T., V\u00e1zquez, D. & Roesch, M. R. Prediction errors and valence: from single units to multidimensional encoding in the amygdala. Behav. Brain Res. 404, 113176 (2021).","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"2475_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2023.11.004","volume":"28","author":"R Sladky","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sladky, R., Kargl, D., Haubensak, W. & Lamm, C. An active inference perspective for the amygdala complex. Trends Cogn. Sci. 28, 223\u2013236 (2024).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"2475_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.09.035","volume":"80","author":"O Klavir","year":"2013","unstructured":"Klavir, O., Genud-Gabai, R. & Paz, R. Functional connectivity between amygdala and cingulate cortex for adaptive aversive learning. Neuron 80, 1290\u20131300 (2013).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2475_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4308","volume":"19","author":"TJ Madarasz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Madarasz, T. J. et al. Evaluation of ambiguous associations in the amygdala by learning the structure of the environment. Nat. Neurosci. 19, 965\u2013972 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2475_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3328","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12695","volume":"40","author":"GR Esber","year":"2014","unstructured":"Esber, G. R. & Holland, P. C. The basolateral amygdala is necessary for negative prediction errors to enhance cue salience, but not to produce conditioned inhibition. Eur. J. Neurosci. 40, 3328\u20133337 (2014).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2475_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2904","volume":"14","author":"J Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li, J., Schiller, D., Schoenbaum, G., Phelps, E. A. & Daw, N. D. Differential roles of human striatum and amygdala in associative learning. Nat. Neurosci. 14, 1250\u20131252 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2475_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53477-x","volume":"15","author":"L Lamsam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lamsam, L. et al. The human claustrum tracks slow waves during sleep. Nat. Commun. 15, 1\u201312 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2475_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007341","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1007341","volume":"15","author":"T Wise","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wise, T., Michely, J., Dayan, P. & Dolan, R. J. A computational account of threat-related attentional bias. PLOS Comput. Biol. 15, e1007341 (2019).","journal-title":"PLOS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"2475_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s10071-011-0387-4","volume":"14","author":"PC Trimmer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Trimmer, P. C. et al. Decision-making under uncertainty: biases and Bayesians. Anim. Cogn. 14, 465\u2013476 (2011).","journal-title":"Anim. Cogn."},{"key":"2475_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0067","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-017-0067","volume":"1","author":"G Lefebvre","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lefebvre, G., Lebreton, M., Meyniel, F., Bourgeois-Gironde, S. & Palminteri, S. Behavioural and neural characterization of optimistic reinforcement learning. Nat. Hum. Behav. 1, 0067 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"2475_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769872","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.769872","volume":"15","author":"TS Davis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Davis, T. S. et al. LeGUI: a fast and accurate graphical user interface for automated detection and anatomical localization of intracranial electrodes. Front. Neurosci. 15, 769872 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"2475_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.119862","volume":"268","author":"C Neudorfer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Neudorfer, C. et al. Lead-DBS v3.0: mapping deep brain stimulation effects to local anatomy and global networks. Neuroimage 268, 119862 (2023).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2475_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.09.025","volume":"54","author":"BB Avants","year":"2011","unstructured":"Avants, B. B. et al. A reproducible evaluation of ANTs similarity metric performance in brain image registration. Neuroimage 54, 2033\u20132044 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2475_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00339.2018","volume":"120","author":"FJ Chaure","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chaure, F. J., Rey, H. G. & Quian Quiroga, R. A novel and fully automatic spike-sorting implementation with variable number of features. J. Neurophysiol. 120, 1859\u20131871 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"2475_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","volume":"57","author":"Y Benjamini","year":"1995","unstructured":"Benjamini, Y. & Hochberg, Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Methodol. 57, 289\u2013300 (1995).","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Methodol."},{"key":"2475_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.03.024","volume":"164","author":"E Maris","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maris, E. & Oostenveld, R. Nonparametric statistical testing of EEG- and MEG-data. J. Neurosci. Methods 164, 177\u2013190 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"2475_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1816-9","volume":"576","author":"J Hirokawa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hirokawa, J., Vaughan, A., Masset, P., Ott, T. & Kepecs, A. Frontal cortex neuron types categorically encode single decision variables. Nature 576, 446\u2013451 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2475_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903590310","volume":"359","author":"BA Vogt","year":"1995","unstructured":"Vogt, B. A., Nimchinsky, E. A., Vogt, L. J. & Hof, P. R. Human cingulate cortex: surface features, flat maps, and cytoarchitecture. J. Comp. Neurol. 359, 490\u2013506 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."}],"container-title":["Nature Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41593-026-02475-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41593-026-02475-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41593-026-02475-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T09:01:56Z","timestamp":1791277316000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41593-026-02475-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["2475"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-026-02475-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1097-6256","1546-1726"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1097-6256","type":"print"},{"value":"1546-1726","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}