{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T06:12:32Z","timestamp":1775801552473,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759449600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nat Protoc"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-025-01259-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T16:02:13Z","timestamp":1759507333000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Report Approval for Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (RATES): expert recommendation based on a Delphi consensus study"],"prefix":"10.1038","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0419-5207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vahid","family":"Nejati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Vaziri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Antal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2839-4609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daria","family":"Antonenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Roozbeh","family":"Behroozmand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Bestmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5479-5628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerome","family":"Brunelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andre R.","family":"Brunoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1759-5146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nick J.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Peter G.","family":"Enticott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andreas J.","family":"Fallgatter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Ferrucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paul B.","family":"Fitzgerald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Masashi","family":"Hamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Roy H.","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kate E.","family":"Hoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Shapour","family":"Jaberzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3497-675X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asif","family":"Jamil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Roi","family":"Cohen Kadosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Krekelberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3096-3807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Laureys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6478-2502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonor J.","family":"Romero Lauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3267-0554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colleen K.","family":"Loo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Donel","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7292-2341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Martinotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3175-8503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marine","family":"Mondino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Oliviero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2455-8220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Concetta","family":"Pellicciari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3852-9906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Plewnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gorana","family":"Pobric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6781-4808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rudi","family":"De Raedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lais B.","family":"Razza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3979-156X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Rocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1913-4677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Ali","family":"Salehinejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Azin Sarraj","family":"Khorrami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Schecklmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hartwig Roman","family":"Siebner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stephan F.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marie-Anne","family":"Vanderhasselt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Vanneste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carmelo M.","family":"Vicario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Adam J.","family":"Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8372-3615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulf","family":"Ziemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2207-5965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael A.","family":"Nitsche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"1259_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105300","volume":"152","author":"M Sab\u00e9","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sab\u00e9, M. et al. A century of research on neuromodulation interventions: a scientometric analysis of trends and knowledge maps. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 152, 105300 (2023).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"1259_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-017-0054-4","volume":"21","author":"R Polan\u00eda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Polan\u00eda, R., Nitsche, M. A. & Ruff, C. C. Studying and modifying brain function with non-invasive brain stimulation. Nat. Neurosci. 21, 174\u2013187 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"1259_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2017.1286299","volume":"29","author":"M-F Kuo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kuo, M.-F., Chen, P.-S. & Nitsche, M. A. The application of tDCS for the treatment of psychiatric diseases. Int. Rev. Psychiatry 29, 146\u2013167 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1259_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x","volume":"527","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nitsche, M. A. & Paulus, W. Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation. J. Physiol. 527, 633\u2013639 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"1259_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.12.008","volume":"11","author":"M Bikson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bikson, M. et al. Rigor and reproducibility in research with transcranial electrical stimulation: an NIMH-sponsored workshop. Brain Stimul. 11, 465\u2013480 (2018).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"1259_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2008.06.004","volume":"1","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nitsche, M. A. et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation: state of the art 2008. Brain Stimul. 1, 206\u2013223 (2008).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"1259_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00319","volume":"12","author":"E Varoli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Varoli, E. et al. Tracking the effect of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation on cortical excitability and connectivity by means of TMS-EEG. Front. Neurosci. 12, 319 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"1259_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1113\/JP272738","volume":"595","author":"A Jamil","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jamil, A. et al. Systematic evaluation of the impact of stimulation intensity on neuroplastic after\u2010effects induced by transcranial direct current stimulation. J. Physiol. 595, 1273\u20131288 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"1259_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2011.557292","volume":"21","author":"W Paulus","year":"2011","unstructured":"Paulus, W. Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES\u2013tDCS; tRNS, tACS) methods. Neuropsychol. Rehabil. 21, 602\u2013617 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabil."},{"key":"1259_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00317","volume":"7","author":"A Antal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Antal, A. & Paulus, W. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). Front. Hum. Neurosci. 7, 317 (2013).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"1259_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2007.10.001","volume":"1","author":"A Antal","year":"2008","unstructured":"Antal, A. et al. Comparatively weak after-effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) on cortical excitability in humans. Brain Stimul. 1, 97\u2013105 (2008).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"1259_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858416631966","volume":"23","author":"A Fertonani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fertonani, A. & Miniussi, C. Transcranial electrical stimulation: what we know and do not know about mechanisms. Neuroscientist 23, 109\u2013123 (2017).","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"1259_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.11.011","volume":"8","author":"S Carvalho","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carvalho, S. et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation based metaplasticity protocols in working memory. Brain Stimul. 8, 289\u2013294 (2015).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"1259_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Thomas, C., Datta, A. & Parra, L. C. Optimized tDCS for targeting multiple brain regions: an integrated implementation. In 2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society 3545\u20133548 (IEEE, 2018).","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2018.8513034"},{"key":"1259_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.103998","volume":"125","author":"M Khorrampanah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khorrampanah, M., Seyedarabi, H., Daneshvar, S. & Farhoudi, M. Optimization of montages and electric currents in tDCS. Comput. Biol. Med. 125, 103998 (2020).","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"1259_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36020","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/13\/3\/036020","volume":"13","author":"S Guler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Guler, S. et al. Optimization of focality and direction in dense electrode array transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). J. Neural Eng. 13, 36020 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"1259_CR17","first-page":"17","volume":"17","author":"MV Jog","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jog, M. V., Wang, D. J. J. & Narr, K. L. A review of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for the individualized treatment of depressive symptoms. Pers. Med. Psychiatry 17, 17\u201322 (2019).","journal-title":"Pers. Med. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1259_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.12.002","volume":"11","author":"Z Esmaeilpour","year":"2018","unstructured":"Esmaeilpour, Z. et al. Incomplete evidence that increasing current intensity of tDCS boosts outcomes. Brain Stimul. 11, 310\u2013321 (2018).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"1259_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.07.006","volume":"13","author":"S Weller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Weller, S., Nitsche, M. A. & Plewnia, C. Enhancing cognitive control training with transcranial direct current stimulation: a systematic parameter study. Brain Stimul. 13, 1358\u20131369 (2020).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"1259_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2018.02.001","volume":"48","author":"P Vignaud","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vignaud, P., Mondino, M., Poulet, E., Palm, U. & Brunelin, J. Duration but not intensity influences transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) after-effects on cortical excitability. Neurophysiol. Clin. 48, 89\u201392 (2018).","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin."},{"key":"1259_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54621-0","volume":"9","author":"D Agboada","year":"2019","unstructured":"Agboada, D., Mosayebi Samani, M., Jamil, A., Kuo, M.-F. & Nitsche, M. A. Expanding the parameter space of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary motor cortex. Sci. Rep. 9, 18185 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1259_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1113\/JP278857","volume":"598","author":"M Mosayebi Samani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mosayebi Samani, M., Agboada, D., Kuo, M. & Nitsche, M. A. Probing the relevance of repeated cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the primary motor cortex for prolongation of after\u2010effects. J. Physiol. 598, 805\u2013816 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"1259_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s40473-017-0134-5","volume":"4","author":"A Jamil","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jamil, A. & Nitsche, M. A. What effect does tDCS have on the brain? Basic physiology of tDCS. Curr. Behav. Neurosci. Rep. 4, 331\u2013340 (2017).","journal-title":"Curr. Behav. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"1259_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.02.010","volume":"16","author":"M Mosayebi-Samani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mosayebi-Samani, M. et al. Transferability of cathodal tDCS effects from the primary motor to the prefrontal cortex: a multimodal TMS-EEG study. Brain Stimul. 16, 515\u2013539 (2023).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"1259_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.04.016","volume":"119","author":"MM Samani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Samani, M. M., Agboada, D., Jamil, A., Kuo, M.-F. & Nitsche, M. A. Titrating the neuroplastic effects of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the primary motor cortex. Cortex 119, 350\u2013361 (2019).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"1259_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24618-3","volume":"12","author":"KA Caulfield","year":"2022","unstructured":"Caulfield, K. A. & George, M. S. Optimized APPS-tDCS electrode position, size, and distance doubles the on-target stimulation magnitude in 3,000 electric field models. Sci. Rep. 12, 20116 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1259_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"N219","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/53\/11\/N03","volume":"53","author":"C-H Im","year":"2008","unstructured":"Im, C.-H., Jung, H.-H., Choi, J.-D., Lee, S. Y. & Jung, K.-Y. Determination of optimal electrode positions for transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Phys. Med. Biol. 53, N219 (2008).","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"1259_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s41465-017-0007-6","volume":"1","author":"J Au","year":"2017","unstructured":"Au, J., Karsten, C., Buschkuehl, M. & Jaeggi, S. M. Optimizing transcranial direct current stimulation protocols to promote long-term learning. J. Cogn. Enhanc. 1, 65\u201372 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Enhanc."},{"key":"1259_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s10686-014-9407-0","volume":"38","author":"A Clenet","year":"2014","unstructured":"Clenet, A. et al. Architecture and settings optimization procedure of a TES frequency domain multiplexed readout firmware. Exp. Astron. 38, 65\u201376 (2014).","journal-title":"Exp. Astron."},{"key":"1259_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6124","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0728-09.2009","volume":"29","author":"K Monte-Silva","year":"2009","unstructured":"Monte-Silva, K. et al. Dose-dependent inverted U-shaped effect of dopamine (D2-like) receptor activation on focal and nonfocal plasticity in humans. J. Neurosci. 29, 6124\u20136131 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1259_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.04.011","volume":"6","author":"K Monte-Silva","year":"2013","unstructured":"Monte-Silva, K. et al. Induction of late LTP-like plasticity in the human motor cortex by repeated non-invasive brain stimulation. Brain Stimul. 6, 424\u2013432 (2013).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"1259_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.003","volume":"12","author":"R Lorenz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lorenz, R. et al. Efficiently searching through large tACS parameter spaces using closed-loop Bayesian optimization. Brain Stimul. 12, 1484\u20131489 (2019).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"1259_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008886","volume":"17","author":"NER van Bueren","year":"2021","unstructured":"van Bueren, N. E. R. et al. Personalized brain stimulation for effective neurointervention across participants. PLoS Comput. Biol. 17, e1008886 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"1259_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.11.012","volume":"127","author":"AJ Woods","year":"2016","unstructured":"Woods, A. J. et al. A technical guide to tDCS, and related non-invasive brain stimulation tools. Clin. Neurophysiol. 127, 1031\u20131048 (2016).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"1259_CR35","first-page":"190","volume":"4","author":"M Rostami","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rostami, M., Golesorkhi, M. & Ekhtiari, H. Methodological dimensions of transcranial brain stimulation with the electrical current in human. Basic Clin. Neurosci. 4, 190 (2013).","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"1259_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.10.087","volume":"128","author":"J-P Lefaucheur","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lefaucheur, J.-P. et al. Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Clin. Neurophysiol. 128, 56\u201392 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"1259_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyaa051","volume":"24","author":"F Fregni","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fregni, F. et al. Evidence-based guidelines and secondary meta-analysis for the use of transcranial direct current stimulation in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 24, 256\u2013313 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"1259_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.07.010","volume":"12","author":"M Bikson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bikson, M. et al. Transcranial electrical stimulation nomenclature. Brain Stimul. 12, 1349\u20131366 (2019).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"1259_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.03.002","volume":"5","author":"AR Brunoni","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brunoni, A. R. et al. Clinical research with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): Challenges and future directions. Brain Stimul. 5, 175\u2013195 (2012).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"1259_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2020.1805335","volume":"32","author":"E Olgiati","year":"2022","unstructured":"Olgiati, E. & Malhotra, P. A. Using non-invasive transcranial direct current stimulation for neglect and associated attentional deficits following stroke. Neuropsychol. Rehabil. 32, 735\u2013766 (2022).","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabil."},{"key":"1259_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2020.09.015","volume":"85","author":"CD Solomons","year":"2020","unstructured":"Solomons, C. D. & Shanmugasundaram, V. Transcranial direct current stimulation: a review of electrode characteristics and materials. Med. Eng. Phys. 85, 63\u201374 (2020).","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"1259_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.15.1992","volume":"285","author":"D Moher","year":"2001","unstructured":"Moher, D., Jones, A., Lepage, L., Group, C. & Group, C. Use of the CONSORT statement and quality of reports of randomized trials: a comparative before-and-after evaluation. JAMA 285, 1992\u20131995 (2001).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1259_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c723","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c723","volume":"340","author":"S Hopewell","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hopewell, S., Dutton, S., Yu, L.-M., Chan, A.-W. & Altman, D. G. The quality of reports of randomised trials in 2000 and 2006: comparative study of articles indexed in PubMed. BMJ 340, c723 (2010).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1259_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00557.x","volume":"185","author":"AC Plint","year":"2006","unstructured":"Plint, A. C. et al. Does the CONSORT checklist improve the quality of reports of randomised controlled trials? A systematic review. Med. J. Aust. 185, 263\u2013267 (2006).","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"1259_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-1-60","volume":"1","author":"L Turner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Turner, L., Shamseer, L., Altman, D. G., Schulz, K. F. & Moher, D. Does use of the CONSORT Statement impact the completeness of reporting of randomised controlled trials published in medical journals? A Cochrane review. Syst. Rev. 1, 1\u20137 (2012).","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"1259_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, C.-C. & Sandford, B. A. in Online Research Methods in Urban and Planning Studies: Design and Outcomes 173\u2013192 (IGI Global, 2012).","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-4666-0074-4.ch011"},{"key":"1259_CR47","first-page":"91","volume":"12","author":"V Naisola-Ruiter","year":"2022","unstructured":"Naisola-Ruiter, V. The Delphi technique: a tutorial. Res. Hosp. Manag. 12, 91\u201397 (2022).","journal-title":"Res. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"1259_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.12968\/ijtr.2009.16.2.38892","volume":"16","author":"W Vernon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vernon, W. The Delphi technique: a review. Int. J. Ther. Rehabil. 16, 69\u201376 (2009).","journal-title":"Int. J. Ther. Rehabil."},{"key":"1259_CR49","first-page":"4","volume":"12","author":"MI Yousuf","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yousuf, M. I. Using expertsopinions through Delphi technique. Pract. Assess. Res. Eval. 12, 4 (2019).","journal-title":"Pract. Assess. Res. Eval."},{"key":"1259_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2000.t01-1-01567.x","volume":"32","author":"F Hasson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hasson, F., Keeney, S. & McKenna, H. Research guidelines for the Delphi survey technique. J. Adv. Nurs. 32, 1008\u20131015 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"1259_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1159\/000055014","volume":"23","author":"D Moher","year":"2000","unstructured":"Moher, D. et al. Improving the quality of reports of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials: the QUOROM statement. Oncol. Res. Treat. 23, 597\u2013602 (2000).","journal-title":"Oncol. Res. Treat."},{"key":"1259_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3179","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-06737-1","volume":"36","author":"A Sharma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharma, A. et al. A consensus-based checklist for reporting of survey studies (CROSS). J. Gen. Intern. Med. 36, 3179\u20133187 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"1259_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-021-00664-5","volume":"17","author":"H Ekhtiari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ekhtiari, H. et al. A checklist for assessing the methodological quality of concurrent tES-fMRI studies (ContES checklist): a consensus study and statement. Nat. Protoc. 17, 596\u2013617 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"1259_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-021-00649-4","volume":"17","author":"H Ekhtiari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ekhtiari, H. et al. A methodological checklist for fMRI drug cue reactivity studies: development and expert consensus. Nat. Protoc. 17, 567\u2013595 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"1259_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2016.02.022","volume":"30","author":"SR Ogden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ogden, S. R., Culp, W. C. Jr, Villamaria, F. J. & Ball, T. R. Developing a checklist: consensus via a modified Delphi technique. J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth. 30, 855\u2013858 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"1259_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2023.02.007","volume":"156","author":"AC Kok-Pigge","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kok-Pigge, A. C. et al. A Delphi consensus checklist helped assess the need to develop rapid guideline recommendations. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 156, 1\u201310 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1259_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2012.05.003","volume":"123","author":"L Chipchase","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chipchase, L. et al. A checklist for assessing the methodological quality of studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation to study the motor system: an international consensus study. Clin. Neurophysiol. 123, 1698\u20131704 (2012).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"1259_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2019.0715","volume":"10","author":"M Pellegrini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pellegrini, M., Zoghi, M. & Jaberzadeh, S. A checklist to reduce response variability in studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation for assessment of corticospinal excitability: a systematic review of the literature. Brain Connect. 10, 53\u201371 (2020).","journal-title":"Brain Connect."},{"key":"1259_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2011.10.001","volume":"5","author":"AV Peterchev","year":"2012","unstructured":"Peterchev, A. V. et al. Fundamentals of transcranial electric and magnetic stimulation dose: definition, selection, and reporting practices. Brain Stimul. 5, 435\u2013453 (2012).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"1259_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.06.001","volume":"128","author":"A Antal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Antal, A. et al. Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines. Clin. Neurophysiol. 128, 1774\u20131809 (2017).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"1259_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1177\/152715440000100409","volume":"1","author":"MK Rayens","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rayens, M. K. & Hahn, E. J. Building consensus using the policy Delphi method. Policy, Polit. Nurs. Pract. 1, 308\u2013315 (2000).","journal-title":"Policy, Polit. Nurs. Pract."},{"key":"1259_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/10437797.1994.10672215","volume":"30","author":"MS Raskin","year":"1994","unstructured":"Raskin, M. S. The Delphi study in field instruction revisited: expert consensus on issues and research priorities. J. Soc. Work Educ. 30, 75\u201389 (1994).","journal-title":"J. Soc. Work Educ."},{"key":"1259_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2013.01.003","volume":"80","author":"JV Meijering","year":"2013","unstructured":"Meijering, J. V., Kampen, J. K. & Tobi, H. Quantifying the development of agreement among experts in Delphi studies. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change 80, 1607\u20131614 (2013).","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"1259_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2000.t01-1-01569.x","volume":"32","author":"J Greatorex","year":"2000","unstructured":"Greatorex, J. & Dexter, T. An accessible analytical approach for investigating what happens between the rounds of a Delphi study. J. Adv. Nurs. 32, 1016\u20131024 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"1259_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2020.01.003","volume":"21","author":"DM Lloyd","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lloyd, D. M., Wittkopf, P. G., Arendsen, L. J. & Jones, A. K. P. Is transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) effective for the treatment of pain in fibromyalgia? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Pain 21, 1085\u20131100 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"1259_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-021-00390-3","volume":"12","author":"DJ Fehring","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fehring, D. J. et al. Investigating the sex-dependent effects of prefrontal cortex stimulation on response execution and inhibition. Biol. Sex. Differ. 12, 1\u201315 (2021).","journal-title":"Biol. Sex. Differ."},{"key":"1259_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2023.103329","volume":"37","author":"AE Licata","year":"2023","unstructured":"Licata, A. E. et al. Sex differences in effects of tDCS and language treatments on brain functional connectivity in primary progressive aphasia. NeuroImage Clin. 37, 103329 (2023).","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"1259_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.10.005","volume":"366","author":"AK Martin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martin, A. K., Huang, J., Hunold, A. & Meinzer, M. Sex mediates the effects of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation on \u2018mind-reading\u2019. Neuroscience 366, 84\u201394 (2017).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"1259_CR69","first-page":"453","volume":"20","author":"S Kasuga","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kasuga, S. et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation enhances mu rhythm desynchronization during motor imagery that depends on handedness. Brain Cogn. 20, 453\u2013468 (2015).","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"1259_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2022.09.002","volume":"52","author":"V Nejati","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nejati, V., Heyrani, R. & Nitsche, M. Attention bias modification through transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): a review. Neurophysiol. Clin. 52, 341\u2013353 (2022).","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin."},{"key":"1259_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s40473-014-0009-y","volume":"1","author":"RA Sarkis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sarkis, R. A., Kaur, N. & Camprodon, J. A. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): modulation of executive function in health and disease. Curr. Behav. Neurosci. Rep. 1, 74\u201385 (2014).","journal-title":"Curr. Behav. Neurosci. Rep"},{"key":"1259_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2022.03.005","volume":"52","author":"V Nejati","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nejati, V., Khorrami, A. S. & Fonoudi, M. Neuromodulation of facial emotion recognition in health and disease: a systematic review. Neurophysiol. Clin. 52, 183\u2013201 (2022).","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin"},{"key":"1259_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.10.006","volume":"11","author":"ME McLaren","year":"2018","unstructured":"McLaren, M. E., Nissim, N. R. & Woods, A. J. The effects of medication use in transcranial direct current stimulation: a brief review. Brain Stimul. 11, 52\u201358 (2018).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"1259_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuo, M.-F. & Nitsche, M. A. in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Neuropsychiatric Disorders Clinical Principals and Management (eds Brunoni, A. R., Nitsche, M. A. & Loo, C. K.) 729\u2013740 (Springer, 2021).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-76136-3_38"},{"key":"1259_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2021.1939251","volume":"94","author":"E Lattari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lattari, E. et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation combined with or without caffeine: effects on training volume and pain perception. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport 94, 45\u201354 (2023).","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc. Sport"},{"key":"1259_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.08.002","volume":"8","author":"J Brunelin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brunelin, J., Hasan, A., Haesebaert, F., Nitsche, M. A. & Poulet, E. Nicotine smoking prevents the effects of frontotemporal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in hallucinating patients with schizophrenia. Brain Stimul. 8, 1225\u20131227 (2015).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"1259_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4156","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3660-11.2012","volume":"32","author":"J Grundey","year":"2012","unstructured":"Grundey, J. et al. Neuroplasticity in cigarette smokers is altered under withdrawal and partially restituted by nicotine exposition. J. Neurosci. 32, 4156\u20134162 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1259_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3125-6","volume":"229","author":"J Grundey","year":"2013","unstructured":"Grundey, J. et al. Cortical excitability in smoking and not smoking individuals with and without nicotine. Psychopharmacology 229, 653\u2013664 (2013).","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"1259_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-015-3880-7","volume":"232","author":"J Grundey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grundey, J. et al. Double dissociation of working memory and attentional processes in smokers and non-smokers with and without nicotine. Psychopharmacology 232, 2491\u20132501 (2015).","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"1259_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1177\/15500594211001212","volume":"53","author":"Z Bollen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bollen, Z., Dormal, V. & Maurage, P. How should transcranial direct current stimulation be used in populations with severe alcohol use disorder? A clinically oriented systematic review. Clin. EEG Neurosci. 53, 367\u2013383 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. EEG Neurosci."},{"key":"1259_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsab275","volume":"45","author":"O Herrmann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Herrmann, O. et al. Sleep as a predictor of tDCS and language therapy outcomes. Sleep 45, zsab275 (2022).","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"1259_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2020.100590","volume":"19","author":"H Moseson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moseson, H., Kumar, S. & Juusola, J. L. Comparison of study samples recruited with virtual versus traditional recruitment methods. Contemp. Clin. Trials Commun. 19, 100590 (2020).","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials Commun."},{"key":"1259_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.11.1233","volume":"297","author":"HGC Van Spall","year":"2007","unstructured":"Van Spall, H. G. C., Toren, A., Kiss, A. & Fowler, R. A. Eligibility criteria of randomized controlled trials published in high-impact general medical journals: a systematic sampling review. JAMA 297, 1233\u20131240 (2007).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1259_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freiman, J. A., Chalmers, T. C., Smith, H. A. & Kuebler, R. R. in Medical Uses of Statistics (eds Bailar, J. C. & Mostelle, F.) 357\u2013389 (CRC Press, 2019).","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429187445-19"},{"key":"1259_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laakso, I., Tanaka, S., Mikkonen, M., Koyama, S. & Hirata, A. Variability in TDCS electric fields: effects of electrode size and configuration. In 2017 XXXIInd General Assembly and Scientific Symposium of the International Union of Radio Science (URSI GASS) 1\u20134 (IEEE, 2017).","DOI":"10.23919\/URSIGASS.2017.8105344"},{"key":"1259_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66017","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/8\/6\/066017","volume":"8","author":"P Faria","year":"2011","unstructured":"Faria, P., Hallett, M. & Miranda, P. C. A finite element analysis of the effect of electrode area and inter-electrode distance on the spatial distribution of the current density in tDCS. J. Neural Eng. 8, 66017 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"1259_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.06.067","volume":"120","author":"GB Saturnino","year":"2015","unstructured":"Saturnino, G. B., Antunes, A. & Thielscher, A. On the importance of electrode parameters for shaping electric field patterns generated by tDCS. Neuroimage 120, 25\u201335 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"1259_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pancholi, U. & Dave, V. Variability of E-field in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex upon a change in electrode parameters in tDCS. In 2023 International Conference on Bio Signals, Images, and Instrumentation (ICBSII) 1\u20138 (IEEE, 2023).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBSII58188.2023.10180905"},{"key":"1259_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01312.2006","volume":"97","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nitsche, M. A. et al. Shaping the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation of the human motor cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 97, 3109\u20133117 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"1259_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.10.014","volume":"12","author":"\u00c1 Foerster","year":"2019","unstructured":"Foerster, \u00c1. et al. Effects of electrode angle-orientation on the impact of transcranial direct current stimulation on motor cortex excitability. Brain Stimul. 12, 263\u2013266 (2019).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"1259_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.06.006","volume":"7","author":"U Palm","year":"2014","unstructured":"Palm, U. et al. The role of contact media at the skin-electrode interface during transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Brain Stimul. 7, 762\u2013764 (2014).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"1259_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.07.031","volume":"8","author":"T Chew","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chew, T., Ho, K.-A. & Loo, C. K. Inter-and intra-individual variability in response to transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) at varying current intensities. Brain Stimul. 8, 1130\u20131137 (2015).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"1259_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.10.1899","volume":"57","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nitsche, M. A. & Paulus, W. Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans. Neurology 57, 1899\u20131901 (2001).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1259_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e72254","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072254","volume":"8","author":"A Bastani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bastani, A. & Jaberzadeh, S. Differential modulation of corticospinal excitability by different current densities of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation. PLoS ONE 8, e72254 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1259_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.04.009","volume":"117","author":"PC Miranda","year":"2006","unstructured":"Miranda, P. C., Lomarev, M. & Hallett, M. Modeling the current distribution during transcranial direct current stimulation. Clin. Neurophysiol. 117, 1623\u20131629 (2006).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"1259_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24420","volume":"40","author":"LM Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, L. M. et al. Brain state and polarity dependent modulation of brain networks by transcranial direct current stimulation. Hum. Brain Mapp. 40, 904\u2013915 (2019).","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"1259_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.07.049","volume":"293","author":"B Pollok","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pollok, B., Boysen, A.-C. & Krause, V. The effect of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) at alpha and beta frequency on motor learning. Behav. Brain Res. 293, 234\u2013240 (2015).","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"1259_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.05.021","volume":"22","author":"R Polan\u00eda","year":"2012","unstructured":"Polan\u00eda, R., Nitsche, M. A., Korman, C., Batsikadze, G. & Paulus, W. The importance of timing in segregated theta phase-coupling for cognitive performance. Curr. Biol. 22, 1314\u20131318 (2012).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"1259_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11262","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5867-12.2013","volume":"33","author":"MM Ali","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ali, M. M., Sellers, K. K. & Fr\u00f6hlich, F. Transcranial alternating current stimulation modulates large-scale cortical network activity by network resonance. J. Neurosci. 33, 11262\u201311275 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"1259_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01482-1","volume":"11","author":"C Thiele","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thiele, C., Zaehle, T., Haghikia, A. & Ruhnau, P. Amplitude modulated transcranial alternating current stimulation (AM-TACS) efficacy evaluation via phosphene induction. Sci. Rep. 11, 22245 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"1259_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(02)00412-1","volume":"114","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nitsche, M. A. et al. Level of action of cathodal DC polarisation induced inhibition of the human motor cortex. Clin. Neurophysiol. 114, 600\u2013604 (2003).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"1259_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2022.07.508","volume":"142","author":"F Masina","year":"2022","unstructured":"Masina, F. et al. State-dependent tDCS modulation of the somatomotor network: a MEG study. Clin. Neurophysiol. 142, 133\u2013142 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"1259_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.01.368","volume":"16","author":"A Vergallito","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vergallito, A. et al. State dependent effectiveness of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Brain Stimul. 16, 239 (2023).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul"},{"key":"1259_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.12.977","volume":"12","author":"C Fonteneau","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fonteneau, C. et al. Sham tDCS: a hidden source of variability? Reflections for further blinded, controlled trials. Brain Stimul. 12, 668\u2013673 (2019).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"1259_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-200503000-00007","volume":"54","author":"JA Bennett","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bennett, J. A. The consolidated standards of reporting trials (CONSORT): guidelines for reporting randomized trials. Nurs. Res. 54, 128\u2013132 (2005).","journal-title":"Nurs. Res."}],"container-title":["Nature Protocols"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41596-025-01259-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41596-025-01259-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41596-025-01259-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T16:02:41Z","timestamp":1759507361000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41596-025-01259-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"references-count":105,"alternative-id":["1259"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41596-025-01259-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1754-2189","1750-2799"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1754-2189","type":"print"},{"value":"1750-2799","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 September 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"M.A.N. is on the Scientific Advisory Boards of Neuroelectrics and Precisis and has conducted consulting activities for Boehringer Ingelheim. A.R.B. is on the Scientific Advisory board of Flow Neuroscience and on the Latin American Scientific Advisory Board of Livanova. He also received in-kind material support from MagVenture and Soterix. In the past 3 years, P.B.F. has received equipment for research from Neurosoft, Nexstim and Brainsway Ltd. He has served on Scientific Advisory Boards for Magstim and LivaNova and received speaker fees from Otsuka. He has also acted as a founder and board member for TMS Clinics Australia and Resonance Therapeutics. P.B.F. is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Investigator grant (grant no. 1193596). R.F. is a stakeholder of Newronika SpA, Milan, Italy. K.E.H. is a founder of Resonance Therapeutics. R.C.K. serves on the Scientific Advisory Boards of Neuroelectrics Inc. and Tech InnoSphere Engineering Ltd. and is a founder, director and shareholder of Cognite Neurotechnology Ltd. C.K.L. has served on an advisory board for Janssen and Douglas Pharmaceuticals and has received royalties as book editor from Springer Publishers. A.A. is a vice president of the European Society for Brain Stimulation and member at large at the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, European, Middle European and Africa Chapter. She served as a paid consultant for NeuroConn, Ilmenau, Savir GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany and currently is a paid advisor by Pulvinar, USA. She is supported by the State of Lower Saxony, Germany (76251-12-7\/19, ZN 3456), by the BMBF (STIMCODE) and DFG (AN 687\/9-1, VIRON), EU-Horizon 2020 (PAINLESS). H.R.S. has received honoraria as speaker and consultant from Lundbeck AS, Denmark, and as editor (Neuroimage Clinical) from Elsevier Publishers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. He has received royalties as book editor from Springer Publishers, Stuttgart, Germany, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, and from Gyldendal Publishers, Copenhagen, Denmark. H.R.S. was supported by a grand solutions grant \u2018Precision Brain-Circuit Therapy - Precision-BCT\u2019 from Innovation Funds Denmark (grant no. 9068-00025B) and a collaborative project grant \u2018ADAptive and Precise Targeting of cortex-basal ganglia circuits in Parkinson\u2019s Disease - ADAPT-PD\u2019 from Lundbeckfonden (grant no. R336-2020-1035). J.B. is a board member of the NIBS section of the French Association of Biological Psychiatry and Neuropsychopharmacology (AFPBN) and of the European Society of Brain Stimulation (ESBS) and reports research grants in NIBS from CIHR (Canada), ANR and PHRC (France). M.S. is a board member of the German Association for Brain Stimulation in Psychiatry and in the field of brain stimulation, his local center for neuromodulation received for research purposes material from MagVenture, Deymed and NeuroConn\/MAG and More. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}