{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T17:07:36Z","timestamp":1776618456921,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693872000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Data"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We present and share a large database containing electroencephalographic signals from 87 human participants, collected during a single day of brain-computer interface (BCI) experiments, organized into 3 datasets (A, B, and C) that were all recorded using the same protocol: right and left hand motor imagery (MI). Each session contains 240 trials (120 per class), which represents more than 20,800 trials, or approximately 70\u2009hours of recording time. It includes the performance of the associated BCI users, detailed information about the demographics, personality profile as well as some cognitive traits and the experimental instructions and codes (executed in the open-source platform OpenViBE). Such database could prove useful for various studies, including but not limited to: (1) studying the relationships between BCI users\u2019 profiles and their BCI performances, (2) studying how EEG signals properties varies for different users\u2019 profiles and MI tasks, (3) using the large number of participants to design cross-user BCI machine learning algorithms or (4) incorporating users\u2019 profile information into the design of EEG signal classification algorithms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-023-02445-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T13:02:43Z","timestamp":1693918963000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["A large EEG database with users\u2019 profile information for motor imagery brain-computer interface research"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6895-9638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pauline","family":"Dreyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aline","family":"Roc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"L\u00e9a","family":"Pillette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3314-7231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Rimbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fabien","family":"Lotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2445_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clerc, M., Bougrain, L. & Lotte, F. Brain-computer interfaces 2: Technology and applications. John Wiley & Sons (2016).","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119332428"},{"key":"2445_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.5626\/JCSE.2013.7.2.139","volume":"7","author":"KK Ang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ang, K. K. & Guan, C. Brain-computer interface in stroke rehabilitation. Journal of Computing Science and Engineering 7, 139\u2013146 (2013).","journal-title":"Journal of Computing Science and Engineering"},{"key":"2445_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00e9cuyer, A. et al. Brain-computer interfaces, virtual reality, and videogames. Computer 41 (2008).","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2008.410"},{"key":"2445_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allison, B. & Neuper, C. Could anyone use a BCI? Springer London (2010).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84996-272-8_3"},{"issue":"4","key":"2445_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.03.022","volume":"51","author":"B Blankertz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Blankertz, B. et al. Neurophysiological predictor of SMR-based BCI performance. NeuroImage 51(4), 1303\u20131309 (2010).","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2445_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lotte, F. et al. A review of classification algorithms for EEG-based brain\u2013computer interfaces: a 10 year update. Journal of neural engineering 15 (2018).","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aab2f2"},{"key":"2445_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lotte, F., Larrue, F. & M\u00fchl, C. Flaws in current human training protocols for spontaneous brain-computer interfaces: lessons learned from instructional design. Frontiers in human neuroscience 7 (2013).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00568"},{"key":"2445_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1109\/MSMC.2019.2958200","volume":"6","author":"S Perdikis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Perdikis, S. & Millan, J. D. R. Brain-machine interfaces: a tale of two learners. IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Magazine 6, 12\u201319 (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Magazine"},{"key":"2445_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2006719","volume":"16","author":"DJ McFarland","year":"2018","unstructured":"McFarland, D. J. & Wolpaw, J. R. Brain\u2013computer interface use is a skill that user and system acquire together. PLoS biology 16, 1\u20134 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS biology"},{"key":"2445_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2021.102603","volume":"149","author":"L Pillette","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pillette, L., Roc, A., N\u2019Kaoua, B. & Lotte, F. Experimenters\u2019 influence on mental-imagery based brain-computer interface user training. Int. J. Hum.-Comp. Stud. 149, 102603 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comp. Stud."},{"key":"2445_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/2326263X.2022.2033073","volume":"9","author":"C Benaroch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Benaroch, C. et al. When should MI-BCI feature optimization include prior knowledge, and which one? Brain-Computer Interfaces 9, 115\u2013128 (2022).","journal-title":"Brain-Computer Interfaces"},{"key":"2445_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"046030","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aac577","volume":"15","author":"F Lotte","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lotte, F. & Jeunet, C. Defining and quantifying users\u2019 mental imagery-based BCI skills: a first step. Journal of neural engineering 15, 046030 (2018).","journal-title":"Journal of neural engineering"},{"key":"2445_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2011.09.006","volume":"89","author":"EM Hammer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hammer, E. M. et al. Psychological predictors of smr-bci performance. Biological psychology 89, 80\u201386 (2012).","journal-title":"Biological psychology"},{"key":"2445_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143962","volume":"10","author":"C Jeunet","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jeunet, C., N\u2019Kaoua, B., Subramanian, S., Hachet, M. & Lotte, F. Predicting mental imagery-based BCI performance from personality, cognitive profile and neurophysiological patterns. PloS one 10, 1\u201321 (2015).","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"2445_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34894\/Z7ZVOD","author":"N Leeuwis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leeuwis, N., Paas, A. & Alimardani, M. Psychological and Cognitive Factors in Motor Imagery Brain Computer Interfaces https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34894\/Z7ZVOD (2021).","journal-title":"Psychological and Cognitive Factors in Motor Imagery Brain Computer Interfaces"},{"key":"2445_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lee, M.-H. et al. EEG dataset and OpenBMI toolbox for three BCI paradigms: an investigation into BCI illiteracy. GigaScience 8, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gigascience\/giz002. Giz002 (2019).","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giz002"},{"key":"2445_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2004.827072","volume":"51","author":"G Schalk","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schalk, G., McFarland, D., Hinterberger, T., Birbaumer, N. & Wolpaw, J. Bci2000: a general-purpose brain-computer interface (bci) system. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 51, 1034\u20131043, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBME.2004.827072 (2004).","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"2445_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stieger, J., Engel, S. & He, B. Continuous sensorimotor rhythm based brain computer interface learning in a large population. Scientific Data 8, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-021-00883-1 (2021).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-021-00883-1"},{"key":"2445_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cho, H., Ahn, M., Ahn, S., Kwon, M. & Jun, S. C. EEG datasets for motor imagery brain\u2013computer interface. GigaScience 6, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gigascience\/gix034. Gix034 (2017).","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/gix034"},{"key":"2445_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.19.1.35","volume":"19","author":"Y Renard","year":"2010","unstructured":"Renard, Y. et al. OpenViBE: An open-source software platform to design, test and use brain-computer interfaces in real and virtual environments. Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 19, 35\u201353 (2010).","journal-title":"Teleoperators and Virtual Environments"},{"key":"2445_CR21","first-page":"206","volume":"48","author":"A World Medical","year":"2002","unstructured":"World Medical, A. World medical association declaration of helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. J Postgrad Med 48, 206\u2013208 (2002).","journal-title":"J Postgrad Med"},{"key":"2445_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164495055006002","volume":"55","author":"RB Cattell","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cattell, R. B. & Cattell, H. E. P. Personality structure and the new fifth edition of the 16pf. Educ Psychol Meas 55, 926\u2013937 (1995).","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Meas"},{"key":"2445_CR23","first-page":"674","volume":"78","author":"RM Felder","year":"1988","unstructured":"Felder, R. M. et al. Learning and teaching styles in engineering education. Engineering education 78, 674\u2013681 (1988).","journal-title":"Engineering education"},{"key":"2445_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1978.47.2.599","volume":"47","author":"SG Vandenberg","year":"1978","unstructured":"Vandenberg, S. G. & Kuse, A. R. Mental rotations, a group test of three-dimensional spatial visualization. Perceptual and motor skills 47, 599\u2013604 (1978).","journal-title":"Perceptual and motor skills"},{"key":"2445_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2019.12.002","volume":"50","author":"J Bismuth","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bismuth, J., Vialatte, F. & Lefaucheur, J.-P. Relieving peripheral neuropathic pain by increasing the power-ratio of low-\u03b2 over high-\u03b2 activities in the central cortical region with eeg-based neurofeedback: Study protocol for a controlled pilot trial (smrpain study). Neurophysiologie Clinique 50, 5\u201320 (2020).","journal-title":"Neurophysiologie Clinique"},{"key":"2445_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2005.08.014","volume":"25","author":"C Neuper","year":"2005","unstructured":"Neuper, C., Scherer, R., Reiner, M. & Pfurtscheller, G. Imagery of motor actions: Differential effects of kinesthetic and visual\u2013motor mode of imagery in single-trial EEG. Cognitive brain research 25, 668\u2013677 (2005).","journal-title":"Cognitive brain research"},{"key":"2445_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00695","volume":"7","author":"SE Kober","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kober, S. E., Witte, M., Ninaus, M., Neuper, C. & Wood, G. Learning to modulate one\u2019s own brain activity: the effect of spontaneous mental strategies. Frontiers in human neuroscience 7, 695 (2013).","journal-title":"Frontiers in human neuroscience"},{"key":"2445_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1109\/5.939829","volume":"89","author":"G Pfurtscheller","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pfurtscheller, G. & Neuper, C. Motor imagery and direct brain-computer communication. Proceedings of the IEEE 89, 1123\u20131134 (2001).","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE"},{"key":"2445_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2008.4408441","volume":"25","author":"B Blankertz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Blankertz, B., Tomioka, R., Lemm, S., Kawanabe, M. & Muller, K.-R. Optimizing spatial filters for robust EEG single-trial analysis. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 25, 41\u201356 (2008).","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Processing Magazine"},{"issue":"3","key":"2445_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"036024","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/13\/3\/036024","volume":"13","author":"C Jeunet","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jeunet, C., Jahanpour, E. S. & Lotte, F. Why standard brain-computer interface (BCI) training protocols should be changed: an experimental study. Journal of neural engineering 13(3), 036024 (2016).","journal-title":"Journal of neural engineering"},{"key":"2445_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1109\/86.895946","volume":"8","author":"H Ramoser","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ramoser, H., Muller-Gerking, J. & Pfurtscheller, G. Optimal spatial filtering of single trial eeg during imagined hand movement. IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering 8, 441\u2013446 (2000).","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"key":"2445_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.8089820","author":"P Dreyer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dreyer, P., Roc, A., Rimbert, S., Pillette, L. & Lotte, F. A large eeg database with users\u2019 profile information for motor imagery brain-computer interface research. Zenodo. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.8089820 (2023)."},{"key":"2445_CR33","unstructured":"Ripley, B. D. Pattern recognition and neural networks (Cambridge university press, 2007)."},{"key":"2445_CR34","unstructured":"Roc, A., Pillette, L., N\u2019Kaoua, B. & Lotte, F. Would Motor-Imagery based BCI user training benefit from more women experimenters? In GBCIC2019 - 8th Graz Brain-Computer Interface Conference 2019 (Graz, Austria, 2019)."},{"key":"2445_CR35","unstructured":"Albaret, J. M. & Aubert, E. Etalonnage 15\u201319 ans du test de rotation mentale de vandenberg. Evolutions psychomotrices 206\u2013209 (1996)."},{"key":"2445_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(94)90063-9","volume":"25","author":"MM Bradley","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bradley, M. M. & Lang, P. J. Measuring emotion: The self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 25, 49\u201359 (1994).","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"2445_CR37","unstructured":"Schl\u00f6gl, A. GDF-a general dataformat for biosignals. arXiv preprint cs\/0608052 (2006)."},{"key":"2445_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"031001","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/12\/3\/031001","volume":"12","author":"JA Urig\u00fcen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Urig\u00fcen, J. A. & Garcia-Zapirain, B. EEG artifact removal\u2014state-of-the-art and guidelines. Journal of neural engineering 12, 031001 (2015).","journal-title":"Journal of neural engineering"},{"key":"2445_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.10.019","volume":"118","author":"M Fatourechi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fatourechi, M., Bashashati, A., Ward, R. K. & Birch, G. E. EMG and EOG artifacts in brain computer interface systems: A survey. Clinical neurophysiology 118, 480\u2013494 (2007).","journal-title":"Clinical neurophysiology"},{"key":"2445_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Combrisson, E. & Jerbi, K. Exceeding chance level by chance: The caveat of theoretical chance levels in brain signal classification and statistical assessment of decoding accuracy. Journal of neuroscience methods 250 (2015).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2015.01.010"},{"key":"2445_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","volume":"134","author":"A Delorme","year":"2004","unstructured":"Delorme, A. & Makeig, S. EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial eeg dynamics including independent component analysis. Journal of neuroscience methods 134, 9\u201321 (2004).","journal-title":"Journal of neuroscience methods"},{"key":"2445_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(99)00141-8","volume":"110","author":"G Pfurtscheller","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pfurtscheller, G. & Lopes da Silva, F. Event-related eeg\/meg synchronization and desynchronization: basic principles. Clin Neurophysiol 110, 1842\u201357 (1999).","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2445_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindig-Le\u00f3n, C., Rimbert, S. & Bougrain, L. Multiclass classification based on combined motor imageries. Frontiers in Neuroscience 14 (2020).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.559858"},{"key":"2445_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(06)59014-4","volume":"159","author":"C Neuper","year":"2006","unstructured":"Neuper, C., W\u00f6rtz, M. & Pfurtscheller, G. ERD\/ERS patterns reflecting sensorimotor activation and deactivation. Progress in Brain Research 159, 211\u2013222 (2006).","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"key":"2445_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rimbert, S., Trocellier, D. & Lotte, F. Is Event-Related Desynchronization variability correlated with BCI performance? In MetroXRAINE 2022 - IEEE International Conference on Metrology for eXtended Reality, Artificial Intelligence, and Neural Engineering (Rome, Italy, 2022).","DOI":"10.1109\/MetroXRAINE54828.2022.9967551"},{"key":"2445_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00267","volume":"7","author":"A Gramfort","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gramfort, A. et al. MEG and EEG data analysis with MNE-python. Frontiers in neuroscience 7, 267 (2013).","journal-title":"Frontiers in neuroscience"}],"container-title":["Scientific Data"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-023-02445-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-023-02445-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-023-02445-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,17]],"date-time":"2023-11-17T15:27:24Z","timestamp":1700234844000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41597-023-02445-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2445"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-023-02445-z","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5281\/zenodo.8089820","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2052-4463"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2052-4463","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 January 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 August 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 September 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"580"}}