{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T18:54:12Z","timestamp":1770749652243,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]],"date-time":"2017-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498089600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]],"date-time":"2017-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Increasing oceanic uptake of CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> is predicted to drive ecological change as both a resource (i.e. CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> enrichment on primary producers) and stressor (i.e. lower pH on consumers). We use the natural ecological complexity of a CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> vent (i.e. a seagrass system) to assess the potential validity of conceptual models developed from laboratory and mesocosm research. Our observations suggest that the stressor-effect of CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> enrichment combined with its resource-effect drives simplified food web structure of lower trophic diversity and shorter length. The transfer of CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> enrichment from plants to herbivores through consumption (apparent resource-effect) was not compensated by predation, because carnivores failed to contain herbivore outbreaks. Instead, these higher-order consumers collapsed (apparent stressor-effect on carnivores) suggesting limited trophic propagation to predator populations. The dominance of primary producers and their lower-order consumers along with the loss of carnivores reflects the duality of intensifying ocean acidification acting both as resource-effect (i.e. bottom-up control) and stressor-effect (i.e. top-down control) to simplify community and trophic structure and function. This shifting balance between the propagation of resource enrichment and its consumption across trophic levels provides new insights into how the trophic dynamics might stabilize against or propagate future environmental change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03802-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,15]],"date-time":"2017-06-15T20:55:49Z","timestamp":1497560149000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Ocean acidification as a driver of community simplification via the collapse of higher-order and rise of lower-order consumers"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7127-7555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Vizzini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"B.","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Crego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2011-6409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Andolina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A.","family":"Massa-Gallucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S. D.","family":"Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M. C.","family":"Gambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"3802_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/425365a","volume":"425","author":"K Caldeira","year":"2003","unstructured":"Caldeira, K. & Wickett, M. E. Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH. Nature. \n                           425, 365\u2013365, doi:10.1038\/425365a (2003).","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"3802_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"IPCC. Summary for policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC. 1\u201329 (2013).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107415324.004"},{"key":"3802_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.marine.010908.163834","volume":"1","author":"SC Doney","year":"2009","unstructured":"Doney, S. C., Fabry, V. J., Feely, R. A. & Kleypas, J. A. Ocean acidification: the other CO2 problem. Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci. \n                           1, 169\u2013192, doi: 10.1146\/annurev.marine.010908.163834 (2009).","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"3802_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13272","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1510856112","volume":"112","author":"I Nagelkerken","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nagelkerken, I. & Connell, S. D. Global alteration of ocean ecosystem functioning due to increasing human CO2 emissions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. \n                           112, 13272\u201313277, doi:10.1073\/pnas.1510856112 (2015).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"3802_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1130\/G30210A.1","volume":"37","author":"JB Ries","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ries, J. B., Cohen, A. L. & McCorkle, D. C. Marine calcifiers exhibit mixed responses to CO2-induced ocean acidification. Geology. \n                           37, 1131\u20131134, doi:10.1130\/G30210A.1 (2009).","journal-title":"Geology."},{"key":"3802_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2010.01518.x","volume":"13","author":"KJ Kroeker","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kroeker, K. J., Kordas, R. L., Crim, R. N. & Singh, G. G. Meta-analysis reveals negative yet variable effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms. Ecol. Lett. \n                           13, 1419\u20131434, doi:10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2010.01518.x (2010).","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"3802_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7237","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-11-7237-2014","volume":"11","author":"B Martinez-Crego","year":"2014","unstructured":"Martinez-Crego, B., Oliv\u00e8, I. & Santos, R. CO2 and nutrient-driven changes across multiple levels of organization in Zostera noltii ecosystems. Biogeosciences. \n                           11, 7237\u20137249, doi:10.5194\/bg-11-7237-2014 (2014).","journal-title":"Biogeosciences."},{"key":"3802_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ghedini, G. & Connell, S. D. Moving ocean acidification research beyond a simple science: investigating ecological change and their stabilizers. Food Webs accepted., doi:10.1016\/j.fooweb.2017.03.003 (2017).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fooweb.2017.03.003"},{"key":"3802_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.12.004","volume":"27","author":"SD Connell","year":"2016","unstructured":"Connell, S. D. et al. How ocean acidification can benefit calcifiers. Curr. Biol. \n                           27, R95\u2013R96, doi:10.1016\/j.cub.2016.12.004 (2016).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"3802_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.1488","volume":"97","author":"G Ghedini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ghedini, G. & Connell, S. D. Organismal homeostasis buffers the effects of abiotic change on community dynamics. Ecology. \n                           97, 2671\u20132679, doi:10.1002\/ecy.1488 (2016).","journal-title":"Ecology."},{"key":"3802_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1122","volume":"1","author":"KE Fabricius","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fabricius, K. E. et al. Losers and winners in coral reefs acclimatized to elevated carbon dioxide concentrations. Nat. Clim. Chang. \n                           1, 165\u2013169, doi:10.1038\/nclimate1122 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"3802_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07051","volume":"454","author":"JM Hall-Spencer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hall-Spencer, J. M. et al. Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification. Nature. \n                           454, 96\u20139, doi:10.1038\/nature07051 (2008).","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"3802_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2010.01730.x","volume":"98","author":"S Vizzini","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vizzini, S. et al. Effect of explosive shallow hydrothermal vents on \u03b413C and growth performance in the seagrass Posidonia oceanica. J. Ecol. \n                           98, 1284\u20131291, doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2010.01730.x (2010).","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"3802_CR14","first-page":"67","volume":"66","author":"MC Gambi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gambi, M. C. Submerged CO2 vent\u2019s systems along the coast of the Island of Ischia. Further natural laboratories to study of ocean acidification and global climate change at sea. Notiziario SIBM. \n                           66, 67\u201379 (2014).","journal-title":"Notiziario SIBM."},{"key":"3802_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2757","volume":"6","author":"I Nagelkerken","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nagelkerken, I., Russell, B. D., Gillanders, B. M. & Connell, S. D. Ocean acidification alters fish populations indirectly through habitat modification. Nat. Clim. Chang. \n                           6, 89\u201393, doi:10.1038\/nclimate2757 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"3802_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0444","volume":"368","author":"P Calosi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Calosi, P. et al. Adaptation and acclimatization to ocean acidification in marine ectotherms: an in situ transplant experiment with polychaetes at a shallow CO2 vent system. Philos. Trans. Biol. Sci. \n                           368, 1\u201315, doi:10.1098\/rstb.2012.0444 (2013).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"3802_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1200","volume":"1","author":"R Rodolfo-Metalpa","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rodolfo-Metalpa, R. et al. Coral and mollusc resistance to ocean acidification adversely affected by warming. Nat. Clim. Chang. \n                           1, 308\u2013312, doi:10.1038\/nclimate1200 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"3802_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-014-9936-9","volume":"38","author":"L Basso","year":"2015","unstructured":"Basso, L., Hendriks, I. E., Rodr\u00edguez-Navarro, A. B., Gambi, M. C. & Duarte, C. M. Extreme pH conditions at a natural CO2 vent system (Italy) affect growth, and survival of juvenile Pen Shells (Pinna nobilis). Estuar. Coast. \n                           38, 1986\u20131999, doi:10.1007\/s12237-014-9936-9 (2015).","journal-title":"Estuaries and Coasts."},{"key":"3802_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14515","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1107789108","volume":"108","author":"KJ Kroeker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kroeker, K. J., Micheli, F., Gambi, M. C. & Martz, T. R. Divergent ecosystem responses within a benthic marine community to ocean acidification. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA \n                           108, 14515\u201320, doi:10.1073\/pnas.1107789108 (2011).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"3802_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2014.07.011","volume":"461","author":"SL Garrard","year":"2014","unstructured":"Garrard, S. L. et al. Indirect effects may buffer negative responses of seagrass invertebrate communities to ocean acidification. J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol. \n                           461, 31\u201338, doi:10.1016\/j.jembe.2014.07.011 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol."},{"key":"3802_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2011.02.011","volume":"400","author":"L Porzio","year":"2011","unstructured":"Porzio, L., Buia, M. C. & Hall-Spencer, J. M. Effects of ocean acidification on macroalgal communities. J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol. \n                           400, 278\u2013287, doi:10.1016\/j.jembe.2011.02.011 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol."},{"key":"3802_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33383","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33383","volume":"6","author":"KA Heldt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heldt, K. A., Connell, S. D., Anderson, K. & Russell, B. D. M. P. Future climate stimulates population out-breaks by relaxing constraints on reproduction. Sci. Rep. \n                           6, 33383, doi:10.1038\/srep33383 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"3802_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20120442","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0442","volume":"368","author":"SD Connell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Connell, S. D. et al. The other ocean acidification problem: CO2 as a resource among competitors for ecosystem dominance. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B. \n                           368, 20120442, doi:10.1098\/rstb.2012.0442 (2013).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B."},{"key":"3802_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12405","volume":"18","author":"G Ghedini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ghedini, G., Russell, B. D. & Connell, S. D. Trophic compensation reinforces resistance: herbivory absorbs the increasing effects of multiple disturbances. Ecol. Lett. \n                           18, 182\u2013187, doi:10.1111\/ele.12405 (2015).","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"3802_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2015.06.014","volume":"30","author":"SD Connell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Connell, S. D. & Ghedini, G. Resisting regime-shifts: the stabilising effect of compensatory processes. Trends Ecol. Evol. \n                           30, 513\u2013515, doi:10.1016\/j.tree.2015.06.014 (2015).","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"3802_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12179","volume":"19","author":"KJ Kroeker","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kroeker, K. J. et al. Impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms: quantifying sensitivities and interaction with warming. Glob. Chang. Biol. \n                           19, 1884\u20131896, doi:10.1111\/gcb.12179 (2013).","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"3802_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2015.03.016","volume":"468","author":"E Ricevuto","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ricevuto, E., Vizzini, S. & Gambi, M. C. Ocean acidification effects on stable isotope signatures and trophic interactions of polychaete consumers and organic matter sources at a CO2 shallow vent system. J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol. \n                           468, 105\u2013117, doi:10.1016\/j.jembe.2015.03.016 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol."},{"key":"3802_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11373","volume":"489","author":"BJ Cardinale","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cardinale, B. J. et al. Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. Nature. \n                           489, 326\u2013326, doi:10.1038\/nature11148 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"3802_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1461-0248.2003.00494.x","volume":"6","author":"JE Duffy","year":"2003","unstructured":"Duffy, J. E. Biodiversity loss, trophic skew and ecosystem functioning. Ecol. Lett. \n                           6, 680\u2013687, doi:10.1046\/j.1461-0248.2003.00494.x (2003).","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"3802_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/35012234","volume":"405","author":"KS McCann","year":"2000","unstructured":"McCann, K. S. The diversity-stability debate. Nature. \n                           405, 228\u201333, doi:10.1038\/35012234 (2000).","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"3802_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036196","volume":"7","author":"PL Reynolds","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reynolds, P. L. & Bruno, J. F. Effects of trophic skewing of species richness on ecosystem functioning in a diverse marine community. PLoS One. \n                           7, 1\u201310, doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0036196 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"3802_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1890\/08-0439.1","volume":"90","author":"DS Srivastava","year":"2009","unstructured":"Srivastava, D. S. et al. Diversity has stronger top-down than bottom-up effects on decomposition. Ecology. \n                           90, 1073\u20131083, doi:10.1890\/08-0439.1 (2009).","journal-title":"Ecology."},{"key":"3802_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22591","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022591","volume":"6","author":"M Coll","year":"2011","unstructured":"Coll, M., Schmidt, A., Romanuk, T. & Lotze, H. K. Food-web structure of seagrass communities across different spatial scales and human impacts. PLoS One. \n                           6, e22591, doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0022591 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"3802_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.2307\/1310021","volume":"35","author":"EP Odum","year":"1985","unstructured":"Odum, E. P. Trends Expected in Stressed Ecosystems. Bioscience. \n                           35, 419\u2013422, doi:10.2307\/1310021 (1985).","journal-title":"Bioscience."},{"key":"3802_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1205106","volume":"333","author":"JA Estes","year":"2011","unstructured":"Estes, J. A. et al. Trophic downgrading of planet Earth. Science. \n                           333, 301\u2013306, doi:10.1126\/science.1205106 (2011).","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"3802_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/00785326.2000.10409449","volume":"53","author":"MC Gambi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gambi, M. C., Zupo, V., Buia, M. C. & Mazzella, L. Feeding ecology of the polychaete Platynereis dumerilii (Audouin & Milne Edwards) (Nereididae) in the seagrass Posidonia oceanica system: role of the epiphytic flora. Ophelia. \n                           53, 189\u2013202 (2000).","journal-title":"Ophelia."},{"key":"3802_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12009","DOI":"10.1038\/srep12009","volume":"5","author":"NM Lucey","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lucey, N. M. et al. To brood or not to brood: Are marine invertebrates that protect their offspring more resilient to ocean acidification? Sci. Rep. \n                           5, 12009, doi:10.1038\/srep12009 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"3802_CR38","first-page":"113","volume":"22","author":"G Valvassori","year":"2015","unstructured":"Valvassori, G., Massa-Gallucci, A. & Gambi, M. C. Reappraisal of Platynereis massiliensis (Moquin-Tandon) (Annelida, Nereididae), a neglected sibling species of Platynereis dumerilii (Audouin & Milne Edwards). Biol. Mar. Medit. \n                           22, 113\u2013116 (2015).","journal-title":"Biol. Mar. Mediterr."},{"key":"3802_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3354\/meps10491","volume":"492","author":"LJ Falkenberg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Falkenberg, L. J., Russell, B. D. & Connell, S. D. Future herbivory: the indirect effects of enriched CO2 may rival its direct effects. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. \n                           492, 85\u201395, doi:10.3354\/meps10491 (2013).","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"3802_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1890\/14-0802.1","volume":"96","author":"B Gaylord","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gaylord, B. & Al, E. T. Ocean acidification through the lens of ecological theory. Ecology. \n                           96, 3\u201315, doi:10.1890\/14-0802.1 (2015).","journal-title":"Ecology."},{"key":"3802_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1064088","volume":"294","author":"M Loreau","year":"2001","unstructured":"Loreau, M. et al. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: current knowledge and future challenges. Science. \n                           294, 804\u2013808, doi:10.1126\/science.1064088 (2001).","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"3802_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3354\/meps11727","volume":"550","author":"MC Gambi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gambi, M. C., Zupo, V., Buia, M. C. & Mazzella, L. Polychaete distribution in shalllow rocky reefs along a pH gradient of a vent system reveals winners and losers among closely related species. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. \n                           550, 121\u2013134 (2016).","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"3802_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.12681\/mms.677","volume":"15","author":"L Donnarumma","year":"2014","unstructured":"Donnarumma, L., Lombardi, C., Cocito, S. & Gambi, M. C. Settlement pattern of Posidonia oceanica epibionts along a gradient of ocean acidification: an approach with mimics. Mediterr. Mar. Sci. \n                           15, 498\u2013509, doi:10.12681\/mms.677 (2014).","journal-title":"Mediterr. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"3802_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2003.2592","volume":"271","author":"M Emmerson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Emmerson, M. & Yearsley, J. M. Weak interactions, omnivory and emergent food-web properties. Proc. R. Soc. B-Biological Sci. \n                           271, 397\u2013405, doi:10.1098\/rspb.2003.2592 (2004).","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B-Biological Sci."},{"key":"3802_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.2012.01224.x","volume":"48","author":"CDG Harley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Harley, C. D. G. et al. Effects of climate change on global seaweed communities. J. Phycol. \n                           48, 1064\u20131078, doi:10.1111\/j.1529-8817.2012.01224.x (2012).","journal-title":"J. Phycol."},{"key":"3802_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1612","volume":"2","author":"KJ Kroeker","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kroeker, K. J., Micheli, F. & Gambi, M. C. Ocean acidification causes ecosystem shifts via altered competitive interactions. Nat. Clim. Chang. \n                           2, 1\u20134, doi:10.1038\/nclimate1680 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"3802_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2014.05.008","volume":"99","author":"ET Apostolaki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Apostolaki, E. T., Vizzini, S., Hendriks, I. E. & Olsen, Y. S. Seagrass ecosystem response to long-term high CO2 in a Mediterranean volcanic vent. Mar. Environ. Res. \n                           99, 9\u201315, doi:10.1016\/j.marenvres.2014.05.008 (2014).","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"3802_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1139\/cjz-2014-0127","volume":"835","author":"DL Phillips","year":"2014","unstructured":"Phillips, D. L. et al. Best practices for use of stable isotope mixing models in food-web studies. Can. J. Zool. \n                           835, 823\u2013835 (2014).","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"3802_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3354\/meps10535","volume":"490","author":"BX Semmens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Semmens, B. X. et al. Statistical basis and outputs of stable isotope mixing models: Comment on Fry (2013). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. \n                           490, 285\u2013289, doi:10.3354\/meps10535 (2013).","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"3802_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12721","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1216464110","volume":"110","author":"KJ Kroeker","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kroeker, K. J., Gambi, M. C. & Micheli, F. Community dynamics and ecosystem simplification in a high-CO2 ocean. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA \n                           110, 12721\u20136, doi:10.1073\/pnas.1216464110 (2013).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"3802_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2009.106","volume":"22","author":"S Cooley","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cooley, S., Kite-Powell, H. L. & Doney, S. C. Ocean acidification\u2019s potential to alter global marine ecosystem services. Oceanography. \n                           22, 172\u2013181, doi:10.5670\/oceanog.2009.106 (2009).","journal-title":"Oceanography."},{"key":"3802_CR52","first-page":"229","volume":"16","author":"TH Pearson","year":"1978","unstructured":"Pearson, T. H. & Rosenberg, R. Macrobenthic succession in relation to organic enrichmnet and pollution of the marine environment. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. An Annu. Rev. \n                           16, 229\u20133011 (1978).","journal-title":"Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. An Annu. Rev."},{"key":"3802_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2002.00519.x","volume":"8","author":"J Grall","year":"2002","unstructured":"Grall, J. & Chauvaud, L. Marine eutrophication and benthos: The need for new approaches and concepts. Glob. Chang. Biol. \n                           8, 813\u2013830, doi:10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2002.00519.x (2002).","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"3802_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1133258","volume":"317","author":"AR Ives","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ives, A. R. & Carpenter, S. R. Stability and diversity of ecosystems. Science. \n                           317, 58\u201362, doi:10.1126\/science.1133258 (2007).","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"3802_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2005.03.022","volume":"20","author":"TP Hughes","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hughes, T. P., Bellwood, D. R., Folke, C., Steneck, R. S. & Wilson, J. New paradigms for supporting the resilience of marine ecosystems. Trends Ecol. Evol. \n                           20, 380\u2013386, doi:10.1016\/j.tree.2005.03.022 (2005).","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"3802_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.1000364","volume":"98","author":"BJ Cardinale","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cardinale, B. J. et al. The functional role of producer diversity in ecosystems. Am. J. Bot. \n                           98, 572\u2013592, doi:10.3732\/ajb.1000364 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Bot."},{"key":"3802_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(85)90021-4","volume":"74","author":"L Beccaluva","year":"1985","unstructured":"Beccaluva, L., Gabbianelli, G., Lucchini, F., Rossi, P. L. & Savelli, C. Petrology and K\/Ar ages of volcanics dredged from the Eolian seamounts: implications for geodynamic evolution of the southern Tyrrhenian basin. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. \n                           74, 187\u2013208, doi:10.1016\/0012-821X(85)90021-4 (1985).","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"3802_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-0273(99)00007-4","volume":"88","author":"C Savelli","year":"1999","unstructured":"Savelli, C., Marani, M. & Gamberi, F. Geochemistry of metalliferous, hydrothermal deposits in the Aeolian arc (Tyrrhenian Sea). J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. \n                           88, 305\u2013323, doi:10.1016\/S0377-0273(99)00007-4 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"3802_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2013.01.029","volume":"73","author":"F Boatta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Boatta, F. et al. Geochemical survey of Levante Bay, Vulcano Island (Italy), a natural laboratory for the study of ocean acidification. Mar. Pollut. Bull. \n                           73, 485\u201394, doi:10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2013.01.029 (2013).","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"3802_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/344051a0","volume":"344","author":"JC Baubron","year":"1990","unstructured":"Baubron, J. C., Allard, P. & Toutain, J. P. Diffuse volcanic emissions of carbon dioxide from Vulcano Island, Italy. Nature. \n                           344, 51\u201353 (1990).","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"3802_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4203(96)00020-5","volume":"53","author":"P Sedwick","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sedwick, P. & Stuben, D. Chemistry of shallow submarine warm springs in an arc-volcanic setting: Vulcano Island, Aeolian Archipelago, Italy. Mar. Chem. \n                           53, 147\u2013161, doi:10.1016\/0304-4203(96)00020-5 (1996).","journal-title":"Mar. Chem."},{"key":"3802_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-0273(00)00284-5","volume":"108","author":"B Capaccioni","year":"2001","unstructured":"Capaccioni, B., Tassi, F. & Vaselli, O. Organic and inorganic geochemistry of low temperature gas discharges at the Baia di Levante beach, Vulcano Island, Italy. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. \n                           108, 173\u2013185, doi:10.1016\/S0377-0273(00)00284-5 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res."},{"key":"3802_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2013.09.015","volume":"134","author":"S Vizzini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vizzini, S. et al. Trace element bias in the use of CO2 vents as analogues for low pH environments: Implications for contamination levels in acidified oceans. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. \n                           134, 19\u201330, doi:10.1016\/j.ecss.2013.09.015 (2013).","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"issue":"suppl","key":"3802_CR64","first-page":"133","volume":"11","author":"MC Buia","year":"2004","unstructured":"Buia, M. C., Gambi, M. C. & Dappiano, M. Seagrass ecosystems in Mediterranean marine benthos: a manual of methods for its sampling and study. Biol. Mar. Medit. \n                           11(suppl), 133\u2013184 (2004).","journal-title":"Biol. Mar. Mediterr."},{"key":"3802_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1163\/15685403-00003209","volume":"86","author":"MB Scipione","year":"2013","unstructured":"Scipione, M. B. Do studies of functional groups give more insight to amphipod biodiversity? Crustaceana. \n                           86, 955\u20131006, doi:10.1163\/15685403-00003209 (2013).","journal-title":"Crustaceana."},{"key":"3802_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-010814-020007","volume":"7","author":"PA Jumars","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jumars, P. A., Dorgan, K. M. & Lindsay, S. M. Diet of worms emended: an update of polychaete feeding guilds. Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci. \n                           7, 1\u201339, doi:10.1146\/annurev-marine-010814-020007 (2015).","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"3802_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1890\/03-0816","volume":"86","author":"AET Borer","year":"2005","unstructured":"Borer, A. E. T. et al. What determines the strength of a trophic cascade? Ecology. \n                           86, 528\u2013537, doi:10.1890\/03-0816 (2005).","journal-title":"Ecology."},{"key":"3802_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0485.1992.tb00337.x","volume":"13","author":"MC Gambi","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gambi, M. C. et al. Depth and seasonal distribution of some groups of the vagile fauna of Posidonia oceanica leaf stratum: structural and feeding guild analyses. Mar. Ecol. \n                           13, 17\u201339, doi:10.1111\/j.1439-0485.1992.tb00337.x (1992).","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol."},{"key":"3802_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020816511924","volume":"24","author":"RC Bolser","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bolser, R. C., Hay, M. E. & Lindquist, N. Chemical defenses of freshwater macrophytes against crayfish herbivory.\u00a0J. Chem. Ecol. \n                           24, 1639\u20131658, doi:10.1023\/A:1020816511924 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"3802_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3770(89)90012-0","volume":"35","author":"PG Harrison","year":"1989","unstructured":"Harrison, P. G. & Durance, C. Seasonal variation in phenolic content of eelgrass shoots. Aquat. Bot. \n                           35, 409\u2013413, doi:10.1016\/0304-3770(89)90012-0 (1989).","journal-title":"Aquat. Bot."},{"key":"3802_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60111a017","volume":"28","author":"M Dubois","year":"1956","unstructured":"Dubois, M. et al. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal. Chem. \n                           28, 350\u2013356 (1956).","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"3802_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3583","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2","volume":"74","author":"PJ Van Soest","year":"1991","unstructured":"Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B. & Lewis, B. A. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J Dairy Sci. \n                           74, 3583\u20133597, doi:10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2 (1991).","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci."},{"key":"3802_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2002)083[0703:USITET]2.0.CO;2","volume":"3","author":"DM Post","year":"2002","unstructured":"Post, D. M. Using stable isotopes to estimate trophic position: models, methods, and assumptions. Ecology. \n                           3, 703\u2013718, doi:10.1890\/0012-9658 (2002).","journal-title":"Ecology."},{"key":"3802_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2009.01620.x","volume":"46","author":"S Caut","year":"2009","unstructured":"Caut, S., Angulo, E. & Courchamp, F. Variation in discrimination factors (\u039415N and \u039413C): the effect of diet isotopic values and applications for diet reconstruction. J. Appl. Ecol. \n                           46, 443\u2013453, doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2009.01620.x (2009).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"3802_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2013.04.004","volume":"135","author":"G Mancinelli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mancinelli, G., Vizzini, S., Mazzola, A., Maci, S. & Basset, A. Cross-validation of \u03b415N and FishBase estimates of fish trophic position in a Mediterranean lagoon: The importance of the isotopic baseline. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. \n                           135, 77\u201385, doi:10.1016\/j.ecss.2013.04.004 (2013).","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"3802_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2001.46.8.2061","volume":"46","author":"MJ Vander Zanden","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vander Zanden, M. J. & Rasmussen, J. B. Variation in \u03b415N and \u03b413C trophic fractionation: Implications for aquatic food web studies. Limnol. Oceanogr. \n                           46, 2061\u20132066, doi:10.4319\/lo.2001.46.8.2061 (2001).","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"3802_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2011.01806.x","volume":"80","author":"AL Jackson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jackson, A. L., Inger, R., Parnell, A. C. & Bearhop, S. Comparing isotopic niche widths among and within communities: SIBER - Stable Isotope Bayesian Ellipses in R. J. Anim. Ecol. \n                           80, 595\u2013602, doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2011.01806.x (2011).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"3802_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9672","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009672","volume":"5","author":"AC Parnell","year":"2010","unstructured":"Parnell, A. C., Inger, R., Bearhop, S. & Jackson, A. L. Source partitioning using stable isotopes: coping with too much variation. PLoS One. \n                           5, e9672, doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0009672 (2010).","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"3802_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2007)88[42:CSIRPF]2.0.CO;2","volume":"88","author":"CA Layman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Layman, C. A., Arrington, D. A., Montana, C. G. & Post, D. M. Can stable isotope ratios provide for community-wide measures of trophic structure? Ecology. \n                           88, 42\u201348, doi:10.1890\/0012-9658 (2007).","journal-title":"Ecology."},{"key":"3802_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-004-1816-8","volume":"144","author":"DL Phillips","year":"2005","unstructured":"Phillips, D. L., Newsome, S. D. & Gregg, J. W. Combining sources in stable isotope mixing models: alternative methods. Oecologia. \n                           144, 520\u20137, doi:10.1007\/s00442-004-1816-8 (2005).","journal-title":"Oecologia."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-03802-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-03802-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-03802-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T05:42:58Z","timestamp":1671774178000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-03802-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3802"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-03802-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 October 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 May 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 June 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"4018"}}