{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T16:13:06Z","timestamp":1761581586868},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,26]],"date-time":"2017-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501027200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,26]],"date-time":"2017-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The illegal use of cyanide poisoning to supply live reef fish to several markets is one of the main threats to coral reefs conservation in the Indo-Pacific. The present study performed the first survey ever monitoring the marine aquarium trade in the EU for the presence of physiological evidence consistent with cyanide poisoning in live reef fish. This survey was also the first one worldwide employing a non-invasive sampling approach. Nearly 15% of the fish screened displayed physiological evidence of being illegally collected using cyanide poisoning (by testing positive for the presence of the thiocyanate anion (SCN<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>) in their urine). The efforts promoted so far to completely eradicate cyanide caught fish from the marine aquarium trade have not been effective, as our results suggest that their prevalence in the trade is in line with data reported nearly two decades ago. A new paradigm is urgently needed to effectively ban cyanide caught fish from the marine aquarium trade.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04940-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,20]],"date-time":"2017-07-20T10:46:18Z","timestamp":1500547578000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Live reef fish displaying physiological evidence of cyanide poisoning are still traded in the EU marine aquarium industry"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Marcela C. M.","family":"Vaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Valdemar I.","family":"Esteves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Calado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"4940_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1159196","volume":"321","author":"KE Carpenter","year":"2008","unstructured":"Carpenter, K. E. et al. One-third of reef-building corals face elevated extinction risk from climate change and local impacts. Science \n                           321, 560\u2013563 (2008).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4940_CR2","unstructured":"Burke, L., Reytar, K., Spalding, M. & Perry, A. Reefs at Risk Revisited. (World Resources Institute, Washington DC, 2011)."},{"key":"4940_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35808","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035808","volume":"7","author":"AL Rhyne","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rhyne, A. L. et al. Revealing the appetite of the marine aquarium fish trade: The volume and biodiversity of fish imported into the United States. PLoS One \n                           7, e35808 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"4940_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1111\/faf.12120","volume":"17","author":"MC Leal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leal, M. C. et al. Marine ornamental fish imports in the European Union: an economic perspective. Fish and Fisheries \n                           17, 459\u2013468 (2016).","journal-title":"Fish and Fisheries"},{"key":"4940_CR5","unstructured":"Barber, C. V. & Pratt, V. R. Sullied Seas: Strategies for Combating Cyanide Fishing in Southeast Asia and Beyond. (World Resources Institute and International Marinelife Alliance, Washington DC, 1997)."},{"key":"4940_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011370106291","volume":"3","author":"PJ Rubec","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rubec, P. J. et al. Cyanide-free net-caught fish for the marine aquarium trade. Aquarium Sci Conserv \n                           3, 37\u201351 (2001).","journal-title":"Aquarium Sci Conserv"},{"key":"4940_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/conl.12088","volume":"7","author":"R Calado","year":"2014","unstructured":"Calado, R. et al. Caught in the Act: How the U.S. Lacey Act can hamper the fight against cyanide fishing in tropical coral reefs. Conservation Letters \n                           7, 561\u2013564 (2014).","journal-title":"Conservation Letters"},{"key":"4940_CR8","unstructured":"Amos, A. M. & Claussen, J. D. Certification as a Conservation Tool in the Marine Aquarium Trade: Challenges to Effectiveness (Turnstone Consulting and Starling Resources, 2009)."},{"key":"4940_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1080\/10641262.2012.760522","volume":"21","author":"FPA Cohen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cohen, F. P. A., Valenti, W. C. & Calado, R. Traceability issues in the trade of marine ornamental species. Rev. Fish. Sci. \n                           21, 98\u2013111 (2013).","journal-title":"Rev. Fish. Sci."},{"key":"4940_CR10","unstructured":"Bruckner, A. W. & Roberts, G. Proceedings of the International Cyanide Detection Testing Workshop. (U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum, 2008)."},{"key":"4940_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35355","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035355","volume":"7","author":"MCM Vaz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vaz, M. C. M. et al. Excreted thiocyanate detects live reef fishes illegally collected using cyanide - a non-invasive and non-destructive testing approach. PLoS One \n                           7, e35355 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"4940_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isom, G. E., Borowitz, J. L. & Mukhopadhyay, S. In Comprehensive Toxicology (ed. A. McQueen Charlene) 485\u2013500 (Elsevier, Amesterdam, 2010).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-046884-6.00423-1"},{"key":"4940_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2004.09.015","volume":"20","author":"KKW Mak","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mak, K. K. W., Yanase, H. & Renneberg, R. Cyanide fishing and cyanide detection in coral reef fish using chemical tests and biosensors. Biosens. Bioelectron. \n                           20, 2581\u20132593 (2005).","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"4940_CR14","unstructured":"Rubec, P. J. et al. In Marine Ornamental Species: Collection, Culture & Conservation (eds J. C. Cato & C. L. Brown) 327\u2013340 (Iowa State Press, Iowa, 2003)."},{"key":"4940_CR15","first-page":"17","volume":"4","author":"J Pet","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pet, J. & Djohani, R. Combating destructive fishing practices in Komodo National Park: Ban the hookah compressor! SPC Live Reef Fish Info. Bull. \n                           4, 17\u201328 (1998).","journal-title":"Bull."},{"key":"4940_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0151624","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151624","volume":"11","author":"TA Militz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Militz, T. A., Kinch, J., Foale, S. & Southgate, P. C. Fish rejections in the marine aquarium trade: An initial case study raises concern for village-based fisheries. PLOS ONE \n                           11, e0151624 (2016).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"4940_CR17","unstructured":"Calado, R. Marine Ornamental Shrimp: Biology, Aquaculture and Conservation. 263 (Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, 2008)."},{"key":"4940_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1365\/s10337-005-0501-3","volume":"61","author":"L Rong","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rong, L., Lim, L. W. & Takeuchi, T. Determination of iodide and thiocyanate in seawater by liquid chromatography with poly(ethylene glycol) stationary phase. Chromatographia \n                           61, 371\u2013374 (2005).","journal-title":"Chromatographia"},{"key":"4940_CR19","unstructured":"WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Available from http:\/\/www.marinespecies.org at VLIZ. Accessed 2015-08-12. (2015)."},{"key":"4940_CR20","unstructured":"Michael, S. W. Marine Fishes: 500+ Essential-to-Know Aquarium Species. (TFH-Microcosm, Neptune City, 2009)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-04940-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-04940-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-04940-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T07:31:02Z","timestamp":1671780662000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-04940-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,26]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4940"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-04940-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 September 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 May 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 July 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"6566"}}