{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T15:15:42Z","timestamp":1771946142721,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,31]],"date-time":"2017-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,31]],"date-time":"2017-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>One of the greatest challenges in the commercialization of graphene and derivatives is production of high quality material in bulk quantities at low price and in a reproducible manner. The very limited control, or even lack of, over the synthesis process is one of the main problems of conventional approaches. Herein, we present a microwave plasma-enabled scalable route for continuous, large-scale fabrication of free-standing graphene and nitrogen doped graphene sheets. The method\u2019s crucial advantage relies on harnessing unique plasma mechanisms to control the material and energy fluxes of the main building units at the atomic scale. By tailoring the high energy density plasma environment and complementarily applying <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> IR and soft UV radiation, a controllable selective synthesis of high quality graphene sheets at 2\u2009mg\/min yield with prescribed structural qualities was achieved. Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Near Edge X-ray-absorption fine-structure spectroscopy were used to probe the morphological, chemical and microstructural features of the produced material. The method described here is scalable and show a potential for controllable, large-scale fabrication of other graphene derivatives and promotes microwave plasmas as a competitive, green, and cost-effective alternative to presently used chemical methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10810-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,25]],"date-time":"2017-08-25T10:19:15Z","timestamp":1503656355000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Towards large-scale in free-standing graphene and N-graphene sheets"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"Tatarova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A.","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J.","family":"Henriques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M.","family":"Abrashev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"N.","family":"Bundaleska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5747-5790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"Kovacevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"N.","family":"Bundaleski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"U.","family":"Cvelbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6563-6286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"Valcheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"B.","family":"Arnaudov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A. M. Botelho","family":"do Rego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A. M.","family":"Ferraria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J.","family":"Berndt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"E.","family":"Felizardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"O. M. N. D.","family":"Teodoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3931-5635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Th.","family":"Strunskus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"L. L.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"B.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"10810_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1849","volume":"6","author":"AK Geim","year":"2007","unstructured":"Geim, A. K. & Novoselov, K. S. The rise of graphene. Nature Materials \n                           6, 183\u201391 (2007).","journal-title":"Nature Materials"},{"key":"10810_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05545","volume":"446","author":"JC Meyer","year":"2007","unstructured":"Meyer, J. C. et al. The structure of suspended graphene sheets. Nature \n                           446, 60\u201363 (2007).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10810_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3460809","volume":"108","author":"YH Wu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wu, Y. H., Yu, T. & Shen, Z. X. Two-dimensional carbon nanostructures: Fundamental properties, synthesis, characterization, and potential applications. J. Appl. Phys. \n                           108, 071301 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"10810_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/23\/11\/112001","volume":"23","author":"G Jo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jo, G. et al. The application of graphene as electrodes in electrical and optical devices. Nanotechnology \n                           23, 112001 (2012).","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"10810_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2009.03.001","volume":"34","author":"Y Yurum","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yurum, Y., Taralp, A. & Veziroglu, N. Storage of hydrogen in nanostructured carbon materials. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy \n                           34, 3784\u20133798 (2009).","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"10810_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2012.05.001","volume":"1","author":"H Choi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Choi, H. et al. Graphene for energy conversion and storage in fuel cells and supercapacitors. Nano Energy \n                           1, 534\u2013551 (2012).","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"10810_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7067","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CS00141A","volume":"43","author":"X Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang, X. et al. Heteroatom-doped graphene materials: syntheses, properties and applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. \n                           43, 7067\u20137098 (2014).","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"10810_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1021\/cs200652y","volume":"2","author":"H Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang, H., Maialagan, T. & Wang, X. Review on recent progress in nitrogen-doped graphene: synthesis, characterization, and its potential applications. ACS Catal. \n                           2, 781\u201379 (2012).","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"10810_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1021\/nl2009058","volume":"11","author":"HM Jeong","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jeong, H. M. et al. Nitrogen-doped graphene for high-performance ultracapacitors and the importance of nitrogen-doped sites at basal planes. Nano Lett. \n                           11, 2472\u20132477 (2011).","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"10810_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1583\/2\/1\/014011","volume":"2","author":"T-Z Hou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hou, T.-Z., Peng, H.-J., Huang, J.-Q., Zhang, Q. & Li, B. The formation of strong-couple interactions between nitrogen-doped graphene and sulfur\/lithium (poly)sulfides in lithium-sulfur batteries. 2D Materials \n                           2, 014011 (2015).","journal-title":"2D Materials"},{"key":"10810_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3480","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201303202","volume":"10","author":"J Zhu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhu, J., Yang, D., Yin, Z., Yan, Q. & Zhang, H. Graphene and graphene-based materials for energy storage applications. Small \n                           10, 3480\u20133498 (2014).","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"10810_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2014.9102","volume":"14","author":"Y Lu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lu, Y., Huang, Y., Zhang, M. & Chen, Y. Nitrogen-doped graphene materials for supercapacitor applications. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. \n                           14, 1134\u20131144 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"10810_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmat.2016.01.001","volume":"2","author":"Q Ke","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ke, Q. & Wang, J. Graphene-based materials for supercapacitor electrodes - A review. J. Materiomics \n                           2, 37\u201354 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Materiomics"},{"key":"10810_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4170","volume":"14","author":"R Raccichini","year":"2015","unstructured":"Raccichini, R., Varzi, A., Passerini, S. & Scrosati, B. The role of graphene for electrochemocal energy storage. Nature Materials \n                           14, 271\u2013279 (2015).","journal-title":"Nature Materials"},{"key":"10810_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2014.225","volume":"9","author":"A Zuturuza","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zuturuza, A. & Marineli, C. Challenges and opportunities in graphene commersialization. Nature Nanotechnology \n                           9, 730\u2013734 (2014).","journal-title":"Nature Nanotechnology"},{"key":"10810_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2007.02.034","volume":"45","author":"S Stankovich","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stankovich, S. et al. Synthesis of graphene based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide. Carbon \n                           45, 1558\u20131565 (2007).","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"10810_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2008.215","volume":"13","author":"Y Hernadez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hernadez, Y. et al. High-yield production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite. Nature Nanotechnology \n                           13, 563\u2013568 (2008).","journal-title":"Nature Nanotechnology"},{"key":"10810_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nl801827v","volume":"9","author":"A Reina","year":"2009","unstructured":"Reina, A. et al. Few-layer graphene films on arbitrary substrates by chemical vapor deposition. Nano Letters \n                           9, 30 (2009).","journal-title":"Nano Letters"},{"key":"10810_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3599708","volume":"98","author":"W Gannett","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gannett, W. et al. Boron nitride substrates for high mobility chemical vapor deposited graphene. Appl. Phys. Lett. \n                           98, 242105 (2011).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"10810_CR20","first-page":"3337","volume":"8","author":"Y Ito","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ito, Y. et al. Chemical vapour deposition of N-doped graphene and carbon films. The role of precursors and gas phase. ACS Nano \n                           8, 3337\u20133346 (2014).","journal-title":"The role of precursors and gas phase. ACS Nano"},{"key":"10810_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1021\/cm102666r","volume":"23","author":"D Deng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Deng, D. et al. Toward N-doped graphene via solvothermal synthesis. Chem. Mater. \n                           23, 1188\u20131193 (2011).","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"10810_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2009.09.013","volume":"48","author":"N Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li, N. et al. Large-scale synthesis of N-doped multi-layered graphene sheets by simple arc-dicharge method. Carbon \n                           48, 255\u2013259 (2010).","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"10810_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201200038","volume":"2","author":"Z Lin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lin, Z., Waller, G., Liu, Y., Liu, M. & Wong, C.-P. Facile Synthesis of nitrogen doped graphene via pyrolysis of graphene oxide and urea, and its electrocatalytic activity toward the oxygen reduction reaction. Adv. Energy Mater. \n                           2, 884\u2013888 (2012).","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"10810_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26952","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b07757","volume":"7","author":"D Du","year":"2015","unstructured":"Du, D., Li, P. & Quyang, J. Nitrogen doped reduced graphene oxxide prepared by simultaneous thermal reduction and nitrogen doping of graphene oxide in air and its application as an electrocatalyst. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces \n                           7, 26952\u201326958 (2015).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10810_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3432","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TA05940A","volume":"3","author":"S Indrawirawan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Indrawirawan, S., Sun, H., Duan, X. & Wang, S. Low temperature combustion synthesis of nitrogen doped graphene for metal-free catalytic oxidation. J. Mater. Chem. A \n                           3, 3432\u20133440 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"10810_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2015.09.056","volume":"96","author":"M Rybin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rybin, M. et al. Efficient nitrogen doping of graphene by plasma treatment. Carbon \n                           96, 196\u2013202 (2016).","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"10810_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/49\/5\/055307","volume":"49","author":"A Dias","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dias, A. et al. Production of N-graphene by microwave N2-Ar plasma. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. \n                           49, 055307 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys."},{"key":"10810_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/46\/6\/063001","volume":"46","author":"T Yamada","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yamada, T., Kim, J., Ishihara, M. & Hasegawa, M. Low-temperature graphene synthesis using microwave plasma CVD. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys \n                           46, 063001 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys"},{"key":"10810_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/43\/45\/455402","volume":"43","author":"SM Wang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang, S. M. et al. Synthesis of graphene on a polycrystalline Co film by radio-frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. \n                           43, 455402 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys."},{"key":"10810_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/48\/31\/314007","volume":"48","author":"A Shasurin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shasurin, A. & Keidar, M. Synthesis of 2D materials in arc plasmas. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. \n                           48, 314007 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys."},{"key":"10810_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7567\/JJAP.51.055101","volume":"51","author":"T Terasawa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Terasawa, T. & Saiki, K. Synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Japanese J. Appl. Phys. \n                           51, 055101 (2012).","journal-title":"Japanese J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"10810_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2012.07.142","volume":"528","author":"A Kumar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kumar, A. et al. Nitogen-doped graphene by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition. Thin Solid Films \n                           528, 269\u2013273 (2013).","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"10810_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1021\/nn505214f","volume":"9","author":"D Wei","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wei, D. et al. Low temperature critical growth of high quality nitrogen doped graphene on dielectrics by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. ACS Nano \n                           9, 164\u2013171 (2015).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10810_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201600003","volume":"3","author":"M Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li, M. et al. Controllable synthesis of graphene by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition and its related applications. Adv. Sci. \n                           3, 1600003 (2016).","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"10810_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/44\/17\/174001","volume":"44","author":"K Ostrikov","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ostrikov, K., Cvelbar, U. & Murphy, A. B. Plasma nanoscience: setting directions, tackling grand challenges. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. \n                           44, 174001 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys."},{"key":"10810_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/00018732.2013.808047","volume":"62","author":"K Ostrikov","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ostrikov, K., Neyts, E. C. & Meyyappan, M. Plasma nanoscience: from nano-solids in plasmas to nano-plasmas in solids. Advances in Physics \n                           62, 113\u2013224 (2013).","journal-title":"Advances in Physics"},{"key":"10810_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0963-0252\/23\/6\/063002","volume":"23","author":"E Tatarova","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tatarova, E., Bundaleska, N. & Sarrette, J. Ph. & Ferreira, C. M. Plasmas for environmental Issues: from hydrogen production to 2D materials assembly. Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. \n                           23, 063002 (2014).","journal-title":"Plasma Sources Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10810_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2013.04.015","volume":"60","author":"DH Seo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Seo, D. H., Rider, A. E., Kumar, S., Randeniya, L. K. & Ostrikov, K. Vertical graphene gas and bio-sensors via catalyst-free, reactive plasma reforming of natural honey. Carbon \n                           60, 221\u2013228 (2013).","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"10810_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201300431","volume":"3","author":"DH Seo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Seo, D. H., Han, Z. J., Kumar Sh. & Ostrikov, K. Structure-controlled, vertical graphene-based, binder-free electrodes from plasma-reformed butter enhance supercapacitor performance. Adv. Energy Mater. \n                           3, 1316\u20131323 (2013).","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"10810_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01539a017","volume":"80","author":"WS Hummers","year":"1958","unstructured":"Hummers, W. S. & Offeman, R. E. Preparation of graphitic oxide. J. Am Chem. Soc. \n                           80, 1339\u201339 (1958).","journal-title":"J. Am Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10810_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1039\/B917103G","volume":"39","author":"DR Dreyer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dreyer, D. R., Park, S., Bielawski, C. W. & Ruoff, R. S. The chemistry of graphene oxide. Chem. Soc. Rev. \n                           39, 228\u201340 (2010).","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"10810_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2010.07.015","volume":"48","author":"TN Lambert","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lambert, T. N. et al. Graphene oxide as a precursor for the synythesis of disordered graphenes using aerosol-through-plasma method. Carbon \n                           48, 4081\u20134089 (2010).","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"10810_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/nl8011566","volume":"8","author":"A Dato","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dato, A., Radmilovic, V., Lee, Z., Phillips, J. & Frenklach, M. Substrate-free gas-phase synthesis of graphene sheets. Nano Letters \n                           8, 2012 (2008).","journal-title":"Nano Letters"},{"key":"10810_CR44","unstructured":"Dato, A., Freklach, M., Radmilovic, V., Lee, Z. inventors; The Regents of the University of California, assignee. Substrate-free gas-phase synthesis of graphene sheets. United States patent US20100301212. 2 Dec. 2010."},{"key":"10810_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4822178","volume":"103","author":"E Tatarova","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tatarova, E. et al. Microwave plasma based single step method for free standing graphene synthesis at atmospheric conditions. Appl. Phys. Lett. \n                           103, 134101 (2013).","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"10810_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/47\/38\/385501","volume":"47","author":"E Tatarova","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tatarova, E. et al. Microwave plasmas applied for the synthesis of free standing graphene sheets. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. \n                           47, 385501 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys."},{"key":"10810_CR47","unstructured":"Tatarova, E. et al. Microwave plasmas applied for synthesis of free-standing carbon nanostructures at atmospheric pressure conditions in Atmospheric Pressure Plasmas: Processes, Technology and Applications (ed. Parker, M.) ISBN: 978-1-63485-180-0, 177-204 (Nova Science Publishers New York 2016)."},{"key":"10810_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1039\/B509853J","volume":"35","author":"G Hahner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hahner, G. Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy as a tool to probe electronic and structural properties of thin organic films and liquids. Chem. Soc. Rev. \n                           35, 1244\u20131255 (2006).","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"10810_CR49","unstructured":"Sze, S. M., Lee, M.-K. Semiconductor Devices: Physics and Technology. New York: Wiley (2016)."},{"key":"10810_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0963-0252\/25\/1\/015013","volume":"25","author":"D Tsyganov","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tsyganov, D. et al. On the plasma-based growth of \u2018flowing\u2019 graphene sheets at atmospheric pressure conditions. J. Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. \n                           25, 015013 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Plasma Sources Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10810_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3532055","volume":"109","author":"J Henriques","year":"2011","unstructured":"Henriques, J., Tatarova, E. & Ferreira, C. M. Microwave N2-Ar plasma torch. I. Modeling. J. Appl. Phys. \n                           109, 023301 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"10810_CR52","unstructured":"Luque, J. & Crosley, D. R. LIFBASE (Version 2.0.) Database and spectral simulation program. SRI International, Menlo, Park, CA www.sri.com\/psd\/lifbase (1999)"},{"key":"10810_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2004.1454","volume":"362","author":"S Reich","year":"2004","unstructured":"Reich, S. & Thomsen, C. Raman spectroscopy of graphite. Phil. Trans. A \n                           362, 2271\u20132288 (2004).","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. A"},{"key":"10810_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2013.46","volume":"8","author":"AC Ferrari","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ferrari, A. C. & Basko, D. M. Raman spectroscopy as a versatile tool for studying the properties of graphene. Nature Nanotechnology \n                           8, 235\u2013246 (2013).","journal-title":"Nature Nanotechnology"},{"key":"10810_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2009.02.003","volume":"473","author":"LM Malard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Malard, L. M., Pimenta, M. A., Dresselhaus, G. & Dresselhaus, M. S. Raman spectroscopy in graphene. Physics Reports \n                           473, 51\u201387 (2009).","journal-title":"Physics Reports"},{"key":"10810_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssc.2007.03.052","volume":"143","author":"AC Ferrari","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ferrari, A. C. Raman spectroscopy of graphene and graphite: Disorder, electron\u2013phonon coupling, doping and nonadiabatic effects. Solid State Communications \n                           143, 47\u201357 (2007).","journal-title":"Solid State Communications"},{"key":"10810_CR57","unstructured":"Beamson, G. & Briggs, D. High resolution XPS of organic polymers. The Scienta ESCA300 Database. John Wiley&Sons (Chichester, 1992)."},{"key":"10810_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1116\/1.1247866","volume":"5","author":"S Rondon","year":"1998","unstructured":"Rondon, S. & Sherwood, P. M. A. Core level and valence band spectra of PbO by XPS. Surf. Sci. Spec. \n                           5, 97 (1998).","journal-title":"Surf. Sci. Spec."},{"key":"10810_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6341","DOI":"10.1021\/la803951y","volume":"25","author":"KE Sohn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sohn, K. E. et al. Determination of the electron escape depth for NEXAFS spectroscopy. Langmuir \n                           25, 6341\u20136348 (2009).","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"10810_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.44.1427","volume":"44","author":"DA Fischer","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fischer, D. A., Wentzcovitch, R. M., Carr, R. G., Continenza, A. & Freeman, A. J. Graphitic interlayer states: A Carbon K near edge X-ray-absorption fine-structure study. Phys. Rev. B \n                           44, 1427\u20131429 (1991).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"10810_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20591","DOI":"10.1021\/jp306497f","volume":"116","author":"V Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee, V. et al. Soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies of the electronic structure recovery of graphene oxide upon chemical defunctionalization. J. Phys. Chem. C \n                           116, 20591\u201320599 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"10810_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14083","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CP01106F","volume":"16","author":"C Ehlert","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ehlert, C., Unger, W. E. S. & Saalfrank, P. C K-edge NEXAFS spectra of graphene with physical and chemical defects: a study based on density functional theory. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. \n                           16, 14083\u201314095 (2014).","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10810_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.33.4034","volume":"33","author":"RA Rosenberg","year":"1986","unstructured":"Rosenberg, R. A., Love, P. J. & Rehn, V. Polarization-dependent C (K) near-edge x-ray-absorption fine structure of graphite. Phys. Rev. B \n                           33, 4034 (1986).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"10810_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2008.365","volume":"4","author":"M Choucair","year":"2009","unstructured":"Choucair, M., Thordarson, P. & Stride, J. A. Gram-scale production of graphene based on solvothermal synthesis and sonication. Nature Nanotech. \n                           4, 30\u201333 (2009).","journal-title":"Nature Nanotech."},{"key":"10810_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, Y. & Lua, A. C. A facile method for the large-scale continuous synthesis of graphene sheets using a novel catalyst. Scientific Reports \n                           3, Article number: 3037 (2013).","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03037"},{"key":"10810_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.3938\/jkps.60.933","volume":"60","author":"R Jung","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jung, R. & Cheong, J.-K. Investigation of the dependence of the chemical states of the graphene surface on N2 plasma treatment. J. Korean Phys. Society \n                           60, 933\u2013936 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Korean Phys. Society"},{"key":"10810_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2010.07.004","volume":"158","author":"A Mourato","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mourato, A., Cabrita, J. F., Ferraria, A. M., Botelho do Rego, A. M. & Abrantes, L. M. Electrocatalytic activity of polypyrrole films incorporating palladium particles. Catalysis Today \n                           158, 2\u201311 (2010).","journal-title":"Catalysis Today"},{"key":"10810_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2014.11.056","volume":"84","author":"I Bert\u00f3ti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bert\u00f3ti, I., Mohai, M. & L\u00e1szl\u00f3, K. Surface modification of graphene and graphiteby nitrogen plasma: Determination of chemicalstate alterations and assignments by quantitative X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Carbon \n                           84, 185\u2013196 (2015).","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"10810_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1039\/b919074k","volume":"20","author":"E-Y Choi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Choi, E.-Y. et al. Noncovalent functionalization of graphene with end-functional polymers. J. Mater. Chem. \n                           20, 1907\u20131912 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"10810_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26952","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b07757","volume":"7","author":"D Du","year":"2015","unstructured":"Du, D., Li, P. & Ouyang, J. Nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide prepared by simultaneous thermal reduction and nitrogen doping of graphene oxide in air and its application as an electrocatalyst. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces \n                           7, 26952\u201326958 (2015).","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10810_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2011.05.131","volume":"257","author":"D Geng","year":"2011","unstructured":"Geng, D. et al. Nitrogen doping effects on the structure of graphene. Appl. Surf. Sci. \n                           257, 9193\u20139198 (2011).","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"10810_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201200038","volume":"2","author":"Z Lin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lin, Z., Waller, G., Liu, Y., Liu, M. & Wong, C.-P. Facile synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene via pyrolysis of graphene oxide and urea, and its electrocatalytic activity toward the oxygen-reduction reaction. Adv. Energy Mater. \n                           2, 884\u2013888 (2012).","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"10810_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3432","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TA05940A","volume":"3","author":"S Indrawirawan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Indrawirawan, S., Sun, H., Duan, X. & Wang, S. Low temperature combustion synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene for metal-free catalytic oxidation. J. Mater. Chem. A \n                           3, 3432\u20133440 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"10810_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5180","DOI":"10.1039\/C5DT04880J","volume":"45","author":"M Khandelwal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khandelwal, M. & Kumar, A. One-pot environmentally friendly amino acid mediated synthesis of N-doped graphene\u2013silver nanocomposites with an enhanced multifunctional behavior. Dalton Trans. \n                           45, 5180\u20135195 (2016).","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"10810_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38689","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA04927F","volume":"4","author":"MP Kumar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kumar, M. P. et al. On the large capacitance of nitrogen doped graphene derived by a facile route. RSC Adv. \n                           4, 38689\u201338697 (2014).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"10810_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10430","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA13224F","volume":"5","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. Nitrogen-doped graphene as a cathode material for dye-sensitized solar cells: effects of hydrothermal reaction and annealing on electrocatalytic performance. RSC Adv. \n                           5, 10430\u201310439 (2015).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"10810_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"St\u00f6hr, J. NEXAFS Spectroscopy Springer series in surface sciences: 25. Springer (New York 1992).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-02853-7"},{"key":"10810_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2012.03.012","volume":"258","author":"PL Girard-Lauriault","year":"2012","unstructured":"Girard-Lauriault, P. L., Illgen, R., Ruiz, J. C., Wertheimer, M. R. & Unger, W. E. S. Surface functionalization of graphite and carbon nanotubes by vacuum-ultraviolet photochemical reactions. Appl. Surf. Sci. \n                           258, 8448\u20138454 (2012).","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"10810_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10125","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cp23748b","volume":"14","author":"W Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Nefedov, A., Naboka, M., Cao, L. & W\u00f6ll, C. Molecular orientation of terephthalic acid assembly on epitaxial graphene: NEXAFS and XPS study. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. \n                           14, 10125\u201310131 (2012).","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-10810-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-10810-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-10810-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T09:56:34Z","timestamp":1671789394000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-10810-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,31]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10810"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-10810-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 April 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 August 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 August 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"10175"}}