{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T14:08:51Z","timestamp":1774361331232,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,13]],"date-time":"2017-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,13]],"date-time":"2017-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>An enigmatic chloride-rich iron (oxyhydr)oxide has been recently identified together with mercury anomalies in End-Cretaceous marine sediments coeval with the Deccan Traps eruptions. The mineral was observed in Bidart (France) and Gubbio (Italy), suggesting a widespread phenomenon. However, the exact nature and origin of this Cl-bearing mineral remained speculative. Here, we characterized the accurate composition and nanostructure of this chloride-rich phase by using micro-Raman spectroscopy, Transmission (TEM) and Scanning (SEM) Electron Microscopy on Focused Ion Beam foils. We also provide new evidence of its occurrence in Zumaia, a reference KPg section from Spain. Results confirm akagan\u00e9ite (\u03b2-FeOOH) as the main phase, with chloride content of 3\u20135 atomic weight %. Akagan\u00e9ite particles are constituted by the aggregation of nanorods of akagan\u00e9ite. Internal structures contain empty spaces, suggesting formation in a low-density (atmospheric) environment. This new mineralogical evidence supports the hypothesis that the observed akagan\u00e9ite was formed in the Deccan volcanic plume and was transported to the Atlantic and Tethysian realms through the stratosphere. Therefore, akagan\u00e9ite provides a potential new sedimentary marker to identify the imprint of the Deccan eruptions in the stratigraphic record and is evidence of volcanic halogen degassing and its potential role for the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11954-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,7]],"date-time":"2017-09-07T13:37:39Z","timestamp":1504791459000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["End-Cretaceous akagan\u00e9ite as a mineral marker of Deccan volcanism in the sedimentary record"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0867-6529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Font","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Carlut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"R\u00e9mazeilles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4259-7303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamsin A.","family":"Mather","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anne","family":"N\u00e9d\u00e9lec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Mir\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Casale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"11954_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1130\/2014.2505(02)","volume":"505","author":"DPG Bond","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bond, D. P. G. & Wignall, P. B. Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions: An update. Volcanism, Impacts, and Mass Extinctions: Causes and Effects \n                           505, 29\u201355, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1130\/2014.2505(02) (2014).","journal-title":"Volcanism, Impacts, and Mass Extinctions: Causes and Effects"},{"key":"11954_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Self, S., Schmidt, A. & Mather, T. A. Emplacement characteristics, time scales, and volcanic gas release rates of continental flood basalt eruptions on Earth. In eds Keller, G., and Kerr, A. C., Volcanism, Impacts, and Mass Extinctions: Causes and Effects: Geological Society of America Special Paper 505, 319\u2013337, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1130\/2014.2505(16) (2014).","DOI":"10.1130\/2014.2505(16)"},{"key":"11954_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-8252(00)00037-4","volume":"53","author":"PB Wignall","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wignall, P. B. Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions. Earth-Science Reviews \n                           53, 1\u201333, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0012-8252(00)00037-4 (2001).","journal-title":"Earth-Science Reviews"},{"key":"11954_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1130\/G35983.1","volume":"42","author":"S Callegaro","year":"2014","unstructured":"Callegaro, S. et al. Microanalyses link sulfur from large igneous provinces and Mesozoic mass extinctions. Geology \n                           42, 895\u2013898, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1130\/G35983.1 (2014).","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"11954_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1130\/G34875.1","volume":"42","author":"BA Black","year":"2014","unstructured":"Black, B. A., Lamarque, J. F., Shields, C. A., Elkins-Tanton, L. T. & Kiehl, J. T. Acid rain and ozone depletion from pulsed Siberian Traps magmatism. Geology \n                           42, 67\u201370, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1130\/G34875.1 (2014).","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"11954_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1126\/science.260.5111.1082","volume":"260","author":"A Tabazadeh","year":"1993","unstructured":"Tabazadeh, A. & Turco, R. P. Stratospheric Chlorine Injection by Volcanic-Eruptions - Hci Scavenging and Implications for Ozone. Science \n                           260, 1082\u20131086, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.260.5111.1082 (1993).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"11954_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Textor, C., Graf, H. F., Herzog, M. & Oberhuber, J. M. Injection of gases into the stratosphere by explosive volcanic eruptions. J Geophys Res-Atmos \n                           108, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2002jd002987 (2003).","DOI":"10.1029\/2002jd002987"},{"key":"11954_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2015.08.016","volume":"304","author":"TA Mather","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mather, T. A. Volcanoes and the environment: Lessons for understanding Earth\u2019s past and future from studies of present-day volcanic emissions. J Volcanol Geoth Res \n                           304, 160\u2013179, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2015.08.016 (2015).","journal-title":"J Volcanol Geoth Res"},{"key":"11954_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5093","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-7-5093-2007","volume":"7","author":"AJ Prata","year":"2007","unstructured":"Prata, A. J., Carn, S. A., Stohl, A. & Kerkmann, J. Long range transport and fate of a stratospheric volcanic cloud from Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat. 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Atmospheric halogen and acid rains during the main phase of Deccan eruptions: Magnetic and mineral evidence. Volcanism, Impacts, and Mass Extinctions: Causes and Effects \n                           505, 353\u2013368, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1130\/2014.2505(18) (2014).","journal-title":"Volcanism, Impacts, and Mass Extinctions: Causes and Effects"},{"key":"11954_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa0118","volume":"347","author":"B Schoene","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schoene, B. et al. U-Pb geochronology of the Deccan Traps and relation to the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. Science \n                           347, 182\u2013184, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aaa0118 (2015).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"11954_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac7549","volume":"350","author":"P Renne","year":"2015","unstructured":"Renne, P. et al. State shift in Deccan volcanism at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, possibly induced by impact. Science \n                           350, 76\u201378 (2015).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"11954_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1144\/jgs2015-133","volume":"173","author":"L Parisio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Parisio, L. et al. Ar-40\/Ar-39 ages of alkaline and tholeiitic rocks from the northern Deccan Traps: implications for magmatic processes and the K-Pg boundary. J Geol Soc London \n                           173, 679\u2013688, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/jgs2015-133 (2016).","journal-title":"J Geol Soc London"},{"key":"11954_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chenet, A. L. et al. Determination of rapid Deccan eruptions across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary using paleomagnetic secular variation: 2. Constraints from analysis of eight new sections and synthesis for a 3500-m-thick composite section. 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Corros Sci \n                           49, 844\u2013857, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.corsci.2006.06.003 (2007).","journal-title":"Corros Sci"},{"key":"11954_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1180\/minmag.1962.033.259.02","volume":"33","author":"AL Mackay","year":"1962","unstructured":"Mackay, A. L. B-Ferric oxyhydroxide. Mineral Mag \n                           33, 270\u2013280 (1962).","journal-title":"Mineral Mag"},{"key":"11954_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.corsci.2009.08.022","volume":"51","author":"C Remazeilles","year":"2009","unstructured":"Remazeilles, C. et al. Mechanisms of long-term anaerobic corrosion of iron archaeological artefacts in seawater. Corros Sci \n                           51, 2932\u20132941, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.corsci.2009.08.022 (2009).","journal-title":"Corros Sci"},{"key":"11954_CR29","first-page":"656","volume":"74","author":"VF Buchwald","year":"1989","unstructured":"Buchwald, V. F. & Clarke, R. S. Corrosion of Fe-Ni Alloys by Cl-Containing Akaganeite (Beta-Feooh) - the Antarctic Meteorite Case. Am Mineral \n                           74, 656\u2013667 (1989).","journal-title":"Am Mineral"},{"key":"11954_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2011.08.019","volume":"75","author":"I Bibi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bibi, I., Singh, B. & Silvester, E. Akaganeite (beta-FeOOH) precipitation in inland acid sulfate soils of south-western New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Geochim Cosmochim Ac \n                           75, 6429\u20136438, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gca.2011.08.019 (2011).","journal-title":"Geochim Cosmochim Ac"},{"key":"11954_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2015.1429","volume":"16","author":"A Ruecker","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ruecker, A. et al. Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Western Australian Salt Lake Sediments: Implications for Meridiani Planum on Mars. Astrobiology \n                           16, 525\u2013538, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ast.2015.1429 (2016).","journal-title":"Astrobiology"},{"key":"11954_CR32","unstructured":"Cornell, R. & Schwertmann, U. The Iron Oxides: Structure, Properties, Reactions, Occurences and Uses. Wiley (2006)."},{"key":"11954_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(83)90305-8","volume":"47","author":"NG Holm","year":"1983","unstructured":"Holm, N. G., Dowler, M. J., Wadsten, T. & Arrhenius, G. 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Earth Planet Sc Lett \n                           206, 529\u2013540, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0012-821x(02)01124-X (2003).","journal-title":"Earth Planet Sc Lett"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-11954-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-11954-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-11954-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T10:52:39Z","timestamp":1671792759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-11954-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,13]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["11954"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-11954-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 June 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 September 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"11453"}}