{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T19:59:25Z","timestamp":1772135965349,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,16]],"date-time":"2017-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508112000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,16]],"date-time":"2017-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The relative investment of females and males into parental care might depend on the population\u2019s adult sex-ratio. For example, all else being equal, males should be the more caring sex if the sex-ratio is male biased. Whether such outcomes are evolutionary fixed (i.e. related to the species\u2019 typical sex-ratio) or whether they arise through flexible responses of individuals to the current population sex-ratio remains unclear. Nevertheless, a flexible response might be limited by the evolutionary history of the species, because one sex may have lost the ability to care or because a single parent cannot successfully raise the brood. Here, we demonstrate that after the disappearance of one parent, individuals from 8 out of 15 biparentally incubating shorebird species were able to incubate uniparentally for 1\u201319 days (median\u2009=\u20093,\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200969). Moreover, their daily incubation rhythm often resembled that of obligatory uniparental shorebird species. Although it has been suggested that in some biparental shorebirds females desert their brood after hatching, we found both sexes incubating uniparentally. Strikingly, in 27% of uniparentally incubated clutches - from 5 species - we documented successful hatching. Our data thus reveal the potential for a flexible switch from biparental to uniparental care.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13005-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,4]],"date-time":"2017-10-04T02:48:18Z","timestamp":1507085298000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Flexible parental care: Uniparental incubation in biparentally incubating shorebirds"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1328-1927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Bulla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Pr\u00fcter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hana","family":"Vitnerov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wim","family":"Tijsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Sl\u00e1de\u010dek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9083-4492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Gilg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Kempenaers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"13005_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clutton-Brock, T. H. The Evolution of Parental Care (Princeton University Press, 1991).","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691206981"},{"key":"13005_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Royle, N. J., Smiseth, P. T. & K\u00f6lliker, M. The Evolution of Parental Care (Oxford University Press, 2012).","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199692576.003.0001"},{"key":"13005_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2013.12.030","volume":"90","author":"JE Parra","year":"2014","unstructured":"Parra, J. E., Beltr\u00e1n, M., Zefania, S., Dos Remedios, N. & Sz\u00e9kely, T. Experimental assessment of mating opportunities in three shorebird species. Anim Behav \n                           90, 83\u201390 (2014).","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"13005_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02562","volume":"429","author":"E Forsgren","year":"2004","unstructured":"Forsgren, E., Amundsen, T., Borg, A. A. & Bjelvenmark, J. Unusually dynamic sex roles in a fish. Nature \n                           429, 551\u2013554 (2004).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"13005_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13603","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1512599112","volume":"112","author":"V Remes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Remes, V., Freckleton, R. P., Tokolyi, J., Liker, A. & Szekely, T. The evolution of parental cooperation in birds. PNAS \n                           112, 13603\u201311360 (2015).","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"13005_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2600","volume":"4","author":"A Liker","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liker, A., Freckleton, R. P. & Szekely, T. The evolution of sex roles in birds is related to adult sex ratio. Nat Commun \n                           4, 1587 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"13005_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2008.01540.x","volume":"21","author":"H Kokko","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kokko, H. & Jennions, M. D. Parental investment, sexual selection and sex ratios. J Evol Biol \n                           21, 919\u2013948 (2008).","journal-title":"J Evol Biol"},{"key":"13005_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kokko, H. & Jennions, M. D. in The Evolution of Parental Care (eds J. A. Royle, P. T. Smiseth, & M. K\u00f6lliker) Ch. 6, 101-116 (Oxford University Press, 2012).","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199692576.003.0006"},{"key":"13005_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1995.0214","volume":"50","author":"S Balshine-Earn","year":"1995","unstructured":"Balshine-Earn, S. The costs of parental care in Galilee St Peter\u2019s fish. Sarotherodon galilaeus. 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Behav Ecol Sociobiol \n                           19, 97\u2013104 (1986).","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"key":"13005_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2307\/3676876","volume":"20","author":"O\u00d6 Persson","year":"1989","unstructured":"Persson, O. \u00d6. P. A New Avian Mating System: Ambisexual Polygamy in the Penduline Tit Remiz pendulinus. Ornis Scandinavica (Scandinavian Journal of Ornithology) \n                           20, 105\u2013111 (1989).","journal-title":"Ornis Scandinavica (Scandinavian Journal of Ornithology)"},{"key":"13005_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1163\/156853980X00474","volume":"74","author":"SJ Maxson","year":"1980","unstructured":"Maxson, S. J. & Oring, L. W. Breeding Season Time and Energy Budgets of the Polyandrous Spotted Sandpiper. 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Ardea \n                           74, 185\u2013190 (1986).","journal-title":"Ardea"},{"key":"13005_CR19","unstructured":"Erckmann, W. J. The evolution of sex-role reversal and monogamy in shorebirds. PhD thesis, Univ. Washington, (1981)."},{"key":"13005_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(88)80153-2","volume":"36","author":"DH Brunton","year":"1988","unstructured":"Brunton, D. H. Sexual differences in reproductive effort: time-activity budgets of monogamous killdeer. Charadrius vociferus. Anim Behav \n                           36, 705\u2013717 (1988).","journal-title":"Charadrius vociferus. Anim Behav"},{"key":"13005_CR21","first-page":"5","volume":"37","author":"LL Hawkins","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hawkins, L. L. Nesting behavior of male and female Whistling Swans and implications of male incubation. 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Behav Ecol \n                           25, 152\u2013164 (2014).","journal-title":"Behav Ecol"},{"key":"13005_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20563","volume":"540","author":"M Bulla","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bulla, M. et al. Unexpected diversity in socially synchronized rhythms of shorebirds. Nature \n                           540, 109\u2013113 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"13005_CR30","unstructured":"Gill, R. E., Tomkovich, P. S. & McCaffery, B. J. in The Birds of North America. (ed P. G. Rodewald) (Cornell Lab of Ornithology; https:\/\/birdsna.org\/Species-Account\/bna\/species\/rocsan, 2002)."},{"key":"13005_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1998.0856","volume":"56","author":"DM Parish","year":"1998","unstructured":"Parish, D. M. & Coulson, J. C. Parental investment, reproductive success and polygyny in the lapwing, Vanellus vanellus. 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Condor \n                           109, 32\u201347 (2007).","journal-title":"Condor"},{"key":"13005_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/aru156","volume":"26","author":"M Bulla","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bulla, M., Cresswell, W., Rutten, A. L., Valcu, M. & Kempenaers, B. Biparental incubation-scheduling: no experimental evidence for major energetic constraints. Behav Ecol \n                           26, 30\u201337 (2015).","journal-title":"Behav Ecol"},{"key":"13005_CR35","unstructured":"Bulla, M. R-SCRIPT and EXAMPLE DATA to extract incubation from temperature measurements. figshare, http:\/\/figshare.com\/articles\/R_SCRIPT_and_EXAMPLE_DATA_to_extract_incubation_from_temperature_measurements\/1037545 (2014)."},{"key":"13005_CR36","unstructured":"Bulla, M. et al. Supporting Information for \u2018Unexpected diversity in socially synchronized rhythms of shorebirds\u2019. 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J Stat Softw \n                           67, 1\u201348 (2015).","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"13005_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gelman, A. & Hill, J. Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel\/Hierarchical Models (Cambridge University Press, 2007).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511790942"},{"key":"13005_CR41","unstructured":"Gelman, A. & Su, Y.-S. arm: Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel\/Hierarchical Models. 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