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Further research has been conducted with this drug to benefit from its antimicrobial activity potential. However, NAC has a very short half-life and therefore strategies that accomplish high local concentrations would be beneficial. In this study, covalent immobilization of NAC was performed, in order to obtain long-lasting high local concentration of the drug onto a chitosan(Ch)-derived implant-related coating. For the development of NAC-functionalized Ch films, water-based carbodiimide chemistry was applied to avoid the use of toxic organic solvents. Here we report the optimization steps performed to immobilize NAC onto the surface of pre-prepared Ch coatings, to ensure full exposure of NAC. Surface characterization using ellipsometry, water contact angle measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), demonstrated the success of NAC immobilization at 4\u2009mg\/mL. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) demonstrated that surface immobilized NAC decreases protein adsorption to Ch coatings. Biological studies confirmed that immobilized NAC4 avoids methicillin-resistant <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> adhesion to Ch coating, impairing biofilm formation, without inducing cytotoxic effects. This is particularly interesting towards further developments as a prevention coating.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17310-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,6]],"date-time":"2017-12-06T10:39:19Z","timestamp":1512556759000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["N-acetylcysteine-functionalized coating avoids bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8981-7049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabi\u0301ola","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Daniela M.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Parreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Meriem","family":"Lamghari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M. 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Med. \n                           42, 741\u2013750, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0196064403005080 (2003).","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"17310_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.02.043","volume":"30","author":"N Tsukimura","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tsukimura, N. et al. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC)-mediated detoxification and functionalization of poly(methyl methacrylate) bone cement. Biomaterials \n                           30, 3378\u20133389, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.02.043 (2009).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"17310_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.06.018","volume":"31","author":"H Minamikawa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Minamikawa, H. et al. Amino acid derivative-mediated detoxification and functionalization of dual cure dental restorative material for dental pulp cell mineralization. Biomaterials \n                           31, 7213\u20137225, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.06.018 (2010).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"17310_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.08.080","volume":"34","author":"YH Lee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lee, Y. H. et al. Bone regeneration around N-acetyl cysteine-loaded nanotube titanium dental implant in rat mandible. Biomaterials \n                           34, 10199\u201310208, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.08.080 (2013).","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"17310_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4814","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.8.4814-4822.2003","volume":"69","author":"AC Olofsson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Olofsson, A. C., Hermansson, M. & Elwing, H. N-acetyl-L-cysteine affects growth, extracellular polysaccharide production, and bacterial biofilm formation on solid surfaces. Appl. Environ. 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