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However, little is known about the use of chemical communication by echinoderms, the nature of the compounds involved and their mechanism(s) of action. Here, the hypothesis that the sea cucumber<jats:italic>Holothuria arguinensis<\/jats:italic>uses chemical communication for aggregation and spawning was tested. Water conditioned by males, but not females, attracted both males and females; gonad homogenates and coelomic fluid had no effect on attraction. Male spawning water, but not female spawning water, stimulated males and females to release their gametes; the spermatozoa alone did not induce spawning.<jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>arguinensis<\/jats:italic>male spawning water also induced spawning in the phylogenetically related<jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>mammata<\/jats:italic>. This indicates that males release pheromones together with their gametes that induce spawning in conspecifics and possibly sympatric species. Finally, the male pheromone seems to be a mixture with at least one labile compound (biological activity is lost after four hours at ambient temperature) possibly including phosphatidylcholines. The identification of pheromones in sea cucumbers offers a new ecological perspective and may have practical applications for their aquaculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18655-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,4]],"date-time":"2018-01-04T10:08:38Z","timestamp":1515060518000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Chemicals released by male sea cucumber mediate aggregation and spawning behaviours"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Marquet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3007-4647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter C.","family":"Hubbard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 P.","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6244-6468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adelino V. 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