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To understand how the <jats:italic>Malus<\/jats:italic> GSI system works, we identified 24 <jats:italic>SFBB<\/jats:italic> genes expressed in anthers, and determined their gene sequence in nine <jats:italic>M. domestica<\/jats:italic> cultivars. Expression of these <jats:italic>SFBBs<\/jats:italic> was not detected in the petal, sepal, filament, receptacle, style, stigma, ovary or young leaf. For all <jats:italic>SFBBs<\/jats:italic> (except <jats:italic>SFBB15)<\/jats:italic>, identical sequences were obtained only in cultivars having the same <jats:italic>S-RNase<\/jats:italic>. Linkage with a particular <jats:italic>S-RNase<\/jats:italic> was further established using the progeny of three crosses. Such data is needed to understand how other genes not involved in GSI are affected by the <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>-locus region. To classify SFBBs specificity, the amino acids under positive selection obtained when performing intra-haplotypic analyses were used. Using this information and the previously identified S-RNase positively selected amino acid sites, inferences are made on the S-RNase amino acid properties (hydrophobicity, aromatic, aliphatic, polarity, and size), at these positions, that are critical features for GSI specificity determination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19820-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,23]],"date-time":"2018-01-23T09:24:53Z","timestamp":1516699493000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Inferences on specificity recognition at the Malus\u00d7domestica gametophytic self-incompatibility system"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Maria I.","family":"Pratas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Aguiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8568-4269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4832-578X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno A.","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Iezzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Steve","family":"van Nocker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7139-2107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina P.","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"19820_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1086\/523362","volume":"169","author":"B Igic","year":"2008","unstructured":"Igic, B., Lande, R. & Kohn, J. R. Loss of self-incompatibility and its evolutionary consequences. Int J Plant Sci 169, 93\u2013104 (2008).","journal-title":"Int J Plant Sci"},{"key":"19820_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Nettancourt, D. Incompatibility in angiosperms. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1977).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-12051-4"},{"key":"19820_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/S1055-7903(03)00195-7","volume":"29","author":"EH Roalson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Roalson, E. H. & McCubbin, A. G. S-RNases and sexual incompatibility: structure, functions, and evolutionary perspectives. Mol Phylogenet Evol 29, 490\u2013506, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1055-7903(03)00195-7 (2003).","journal-title":"Mol Phylogenet Evol"},{"key":"19820_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erp024","volume":"60","author":"B McClure","year":"2009","unstructured":"McClure, B. 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