{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T08:27:57Z","timestamp":1768552077295,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]],"date-time":"2018-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516579200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]],"date-time":"2018-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The magnetization reversal induced by spin orbit torques in the presence of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) in perpendicularly magnetized Ta\/CoFeB\/MgO structures were investigated by using a combination of Anomalous Hall effect measurement and Kerr effect microscopy techniques. By analyzing the in-plane field dependent spin torque efficiency measurements, an effective field value for the DMI of ~300\u2009Oe was obtained, which plays a key role to stabilize N\u00e9el walls in the film stack. Kerr imaging reveals that the current-induced reversal under small and medium in-plane field was mediated by domain nucleation at the edge of the Hall bar, followed by asymmetric domain wall (DW) propagation. However, as the in-plane field strength increases, an isotropic DW expansion was observed before reaching complete reversal. Micromagnetic simulations of the DW structure in the CoFeB layer suggest that the DW configuration under the combined effect of the DMI and the external field is responsible for the various DW propagation behaviors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19927-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,16]],"date-time":"2018-01-16T15:26:14Z","timestamp":1516116374000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Spin orbit torques induced magnetization reversal through asymmetric domain wall propagation in Ta\/CoFeB\/MgO structures"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Jiangwei","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tianli","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Weiliang","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yuqiang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6913-6529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wen Siang","family":"Lew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"19927_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10309","volume":"476","author":"IM Miron","year":"2011","unstructured":"Miron, I. M. et al. Perpendicular switching of a single ferromagnetic layer induced by in-plane current injection. Nature 476, 189\u2013193 (2011).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"19927_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1218197","volume":"336","author":"L Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu, L. et al. Spin-torque switching with the giant spin Hall effect of tantalum. Science 336, 555\u2013558 (2012).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"19927_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"096602","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.109.096602","volume":"109","author":"L Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu, L., Lee, O. J., Gudmundsen, T. J., Ralph, D. C. & Buhrman, R. A. Current-induced switching of perpendicularly magnetized magnetic layers using spin torque from the spin Hall effect. Phys Rev Lett 109, 096602 (2012).","journal-title":"Phys Rev Lett"},{"key":"19927_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3020","volume":"10","author":"IM Miron","year":"2011","unstructured":"Miron, I. M. et al. Fast current-induced domain-wall motion controlled by the Rashba effect. Nat Mater 10, 419\u2013423 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat Mater"},{"key":"19927_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3675","volume":"12","author":"S Emori","year":"2013","unstructured":"Emori, S., Bauer, U., Ahn, S.-M., Martinez, E. & Beach, G. S. D. Current-driven dynamics of chiral ferromagnetic domain walls. Nat Mater 12, 611\u2013616 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat Mater"},{"key":"19927_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3553","volume":"12","author":"PPJ Haazen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Haazen, P. P. J. et al. Domain wall depinning governed by the spin Hall effect. Nat Mater 12, 299\u2013303 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat Mater"},{"key":"19927_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2613","volume":"9","author":"IM Miron","year":"2010","unstructured":"Miron, I. M. et al. Current-driven spin torque induced by the Rashba effect in a ferromagnetic metal layer. Nat Mater 9, 230\u2013234 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat Mater"},{"key":"19927_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"042406","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4863407","volume":"104","author":"M Cubukcu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cubukcu, M. et al. Spin-orbit torque magnetization switching of a three-terminal perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction. Appl Phys Lett 104, 042406 (2014).","journal-title":"Appl Phys Lett"},{"key":"19927_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microrel.2012.06.035","volume":"52","author":"WS Zhao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhao, W. S. et al. Failure and reliability analysis of STT-MRAM. Microelectron Reliab 52, 1848\u20131852 (2012).","journal-title":"Microelectron Reliab"},{"key":"19927_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012403","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4858465","volume":"104","author":"A Brink","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brink, A. et al. Spin-Hall-assisted magnetic random access memory. Appl Phys Lett 104, 012403 (2014).","journal-title":"Appl Phys Lett"},{"key":"19927_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2013.241","volume":"9","author":"D Bhowmik","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bhowmik, D., You, L. & Salahuddin, S. Spin Hall effect clocking of nanomagnetic logic without a magnetic field. Nat Nanotechol 9, 59\u201363 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat Nanotechol"},{"key":"19927_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20778","volume":"6","author":"M Yang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang, M. et al. Spin-orbit torque in Pt\/CoNiCo\/Pt symmetric devices. Sci Rep 6, 20778 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"19927_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"072406","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4818723","volume":"103","author":"E Martinez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Martinez, E., Emori, S. & Beach, G. S. D. Current-driven domain wall motion along high perpendicular anisotropy multilayers: The role of the Rashba field, the spin Hall effect, and the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. Appl Phys Lett 103, 072406 (2013).","journal-title":"Appl Phys Lett"},{"key":"19927_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"024418","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.89.024418","volume":"89","author":"OJ Lee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lee, O. J. et al. Central role of domain wall depinning for perpendicular magnetization switching driven by spin torque from the spin Hall effect. Phys Rev B 89, 024418 (2014).","journal-title":"Phys Rev B"},{"key":"19927_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2014.94","volume":"9","author":"G Yu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yu, G. et al. Switching of perpendicular magnetization by spin\u2013orbit torques in the absence of external magnetic fields. Nat Nanotechnol 9, 548\u2013554 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat Nanotechnol"},{"key":"19927_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102411","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4895735","volume":"105","author":"G Yu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yu, G. et al. Current-driven perpendicular magnetization switching in Ta\/CoFeB\/[TaOx or MgO\/TaOx] films with lateral structural asymmetry. Appl Phys Lett 105, 102411 (2014).","journal-title":"Appl Phys Lett"},{"key":"19927_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10310","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1507474112","volume":"112","author":"L You","year":"2015","unstructured":"You, L. et al. Switching of perpendicularly polarized nanomagnets with spin orbit torque without an external magnetic field by engineering a tilted anisotropy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 112, 10310\u201310315 (2015).","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"19927_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4566","volume":"15","author":"S Fukami","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fukami, S., Zhang, C., DuttaGupta, S., Kurenkov, A. & Ohno, H. Magnetization switching by spin-orbit torque in an antiferromagnet\u2013ferromagnet bilayer system. Nat Mater 15, 535\u2013541 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat Mater"},{"key":"19927_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep11823","volume":"5","author":"D Bhowmik","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bhowmik, D. et al. Deterministic Domain wall motion orthogonal to current flow due to spin orbit torque. Sci Rep 5, 11823 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"19927_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"014414","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.93.014414","volume":"93","author":"CJ Durrant","year":"2016","unstructured":"Durrant, C. J., Hicken, R. J., Hao, Q. & Xiao, G. Scanning Kerr microscopy study of current-induced switching in Ta\/CoFeB\/MgO films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Phys Rev B 93, 014414 (2016).","journal-title":"Phys Rev B"},{"key":"19927_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144409","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.93.144409","volume":"93","author":"CF Pai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pai, C. F., Mann, M., Tan, A. J. & Beach, G. S. D. Determination of spin torque efficiencies in heterostructures with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Phys Rev B 93, 144409 (2016).","journal-title":"Phys Rev B"},{"key":"19927_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222401","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4968785","volume":"109","author":"D Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu, D. et al. Spin-orbit torques in perpendicularly magnetized Ir22Mn78\/Co20Fe60B20\/MgO multilayer. Appl Phys Lett 109, 222401 (2016).","journal-title":"Appl Phys Lett"},{"key":"19927_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"082406","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4942672","volume":"108","author":"J-C Rojas-Sanchez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rojas-Sanchez, J.-C. et al. Perpendicular magnetization reversal in Pt\/[Co\/Ni]3\/Al multilayers via the spin Hall effect of Pt. Appl Phys Lett 108, 082406 (2016).","journal-title":"Appl Phys Lett"},{"key":"19927_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2013.102","volume":"8","author":"KS Ryu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ryu, K. S., Thomas, L., Yang, S. H. & Parkin, S. Chiral spin torque at magnetic domain walls. Nat Nanotechnol 8, 527\u2013533 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat Nanotechnol"},{"key":"19927_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5655","volume":"5","author":"J Torrejon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Torrejon, J. et al. Interface control of the magnetic chirality in CoFeB\/MgO heterostructures with heavy-metal underlayers. Nat Commun 5, 4655 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"19927_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"075305","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4993765","volume":"7","author":"Y Zheng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zheng, Y. et al. Enhancement of spin-orbit torques in Ta\/Co20Fe60B20\/MgO structures induced by annealing. AIP Advances 7, 075305 (2017).","journal-title":"AIP Advances"},{"key":"19927_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57002","DOI":"10.1209\/0295-5075\/100\/57002","volume":"100","author":"A Thiaville","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thiaville, A., Rohart, S., Jue, E., Cros, V. & Fert, A. Dynamics of Dzyaloshinskii domain walls in ultrathin magnetic films. Europhys Lett 100, 57002 (2012).","journal-title":"Europhys Lett"},{"key":"19927_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184427","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.90.184427","volume":"90","author":"S Emori","year":"2014","unstructured":"Emori, S. et al. Spin Hall torque magnetometry of Dzyaloshinskii domain walls. Phys Rev B 90, 184427 (2014).","journal-title":"Phys Rev B"},{"key":"19927_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"020402","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.90.020402","volume":"90","author":"AN Hrabec","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hrabec, A. N. et al. Measuring and tailoring the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in perpendicularly magnetized thin films. Phys Rev B 90, 020402 (2014).","journal-title":"Phys Rev B"},{"key":"19927_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"053901","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4863139","volume":"115","author":"Y Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Wei, D., Gao, K.-Z., Cao, J. & Wei, F. The role of inhomogeneity of perpendicular anisotropy in magnetic properties of ultra thin CoFeB film. J Appl Phys 115, 053901 (2014).","journal-title":"J Appl Phys"},{"key":"19927_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192401","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4935347","volume":"107","author":"P Sethi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sethi, P., Murapaka, C., Lim, G. J. & Lew, W. S. In-plane current induced domain wall nucleation and its stochasticity in perpendicular magnetic anisotropy Hall cross structures. Appl Phys Lett 107, 192401 (2015).","journal-title":"Appl Phys Lett"},{"key":"19927_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184422","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.88.184422","volume":"88","author":"S Rohart","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rohart, S. & Thiaville, A. Skyrmion confinement in ultrathin film nanostructures in the presence of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. Phys Rev B 88, 184422 (2013).","journal-title":"Phys Rev B"},{"key":"19927_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"013901","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3527968","volume":"109","author":"SY Jang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jang, S. Y., You, C. Y., Lim, S. H. & Lee, S. R. Annealing effects on the magnetic dead layer and saturation magnetization in unit structures relevant to a synthetic ferrimagnetic free structure. J Appl Phys 109, 013901 (2011).","journal-title":"J Appl Phys"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-19927-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-19927-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-19927-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T01:16:05Z","timestamp":1671585365000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-19927-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["19927"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-19927-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 July 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 January 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 January 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"1355"}}