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Abundant yellow coloured mats developing on coralloid speleothems in a lava tube from La Palma Islands were studied by next-generation sequencing and DNA\/RNA clone library analyses for investigating both total and metabolically active bacteria. In addition, morphological and mineralogical characterization was performed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), micro-computed tomography, X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy to contextualize sequence data. This approach showed that the coralloid speleothems consist of banded siliceous stalactites composed of opal-A and hydrated halloysite. Analytical pyrolysis was also conducted to infer the possible origin of cave wall pigmentation, revealing that lignin degradation compounds can contribute to speleothem colour. Our RNA-based study showed for the first time that members of the phylum <jats:italic>Actinobacteria<\/jats:italic>, with 55% of the clones belonging to <jats:italic>Euzebyales<\/jats:italic> order, were metabolically active components of yellow mats. In contrast, the DNA clone library revealed that around 45% of clones were affiliated to <jats:italic>Proteobacteria<\/jats:italic>. Composition of microbial phyla obtained by NGS reinforced the DNA clone library data at the phylum level, in which <jats:italic>Proteobacteria<\/jats:italic> was the most abundant phylum followed by <jats:italic>Actinobacteria<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20393-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,25]],"date-time":"2018-01-25T11:18:49Z","timestamp":1516879129000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Yellow coloured mats from lava tubes of La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain) are dominated by metabolically active Actinobacteria"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Jose L.","family":"Gonzalez-Pimentel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0553-8470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Z.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Valme","family":"Jurado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Leonila","family":"Laiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Manuel F. 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