{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T04:56:34Z","timestamp":1775019394069,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]],"date-time":"2018-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517443200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]],"date-time":"2018-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Decision-makers in wildlife policy require reliable population size estimates to justify interventions, to build acceptance and support in their decisions and, ultimately, to build trust in managing authorities. Traditional capture-recapture approaches present two main shortcomings, namely, the uncertainty in defining the effective sampling area, and the spatially-induced heterogeneity in encounter probabilities. These limitations are overcome using spatially explicit capture-recapture approaches (SCR). Using wolves as case study, and non-invasive DNA monitoring (faeces), we implemented a SCR with a Poisson observation model in a single survey to estimate wolf density and population size, and identify the locations of individual activity centres, in NW Iberia over 4,378 km<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>. During the breeding period, posterior mean wolf density was 2.55 wolves\/100 km<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>(95%BCI\u2009=\u20091.87\u20133.51), and the posterior mean population size was 111.6\u2009\u00b1\u200918.8 wolves (95%BCI\u2009=\u200981.8\u2013153.6). From simulation studies, addressing different scenarios of non-independence and spatial aggregation of individuals, we only found a slight underestimation in population size estimates, supporting the reliability of SCR for social species. The strategy used here (DNA monitoring combined with SCR) may be a cost-effective way to generate reliable population estimates for large carnivores at regional scales, especially for endangered species or populations under game management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20675-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,26]],"date-time":"2018-01-26T15:45:24Z","timestamp":1516981524000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Toward reliable population estimates of wolves by combining spatial capture-recapture models and non-invasive DNA monitoring"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9213-998X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. V.","family":"L\u00f3pez-Bao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4260-4799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Godinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C.","family":"Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"F. J.","family":"Lema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"E.","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"L.","family":"Llaneza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"V.","family":"Palacios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J.","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"20675_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12408","volume":"52","author":"MW Hayward","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hayward, M. W. et al. Ecologists need robust survey designs, sampling and analytical methods. J. Appl. Ecol. 52, 286\u2013290 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"20675_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12383","volume":"52","author":"PA Stephens","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stephens, P. A., Pettorelli, N., Barlow, J., Whittingham, M. J. & Cadotte, M. W. Management by proxy? The use of indices in applied ecology. J. Appl. Ecol. 52, 1\u20136 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"20675_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12660","volume":"53","author":"VD Popescu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Popescu, V. D., Artelle, K. A., Pop, M. I., Manolache, S. & Rozylowicz, L. Assessing biological realism of wildlife population estimates in data\u2010poor systems. J. Appl. Ecol. 53, 1248\u20131259 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"20675_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14894","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1500664112","volume":"112","author":"H Bauer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bauer, H. et al. Lion (Panthera leo) populations are declining rapidly across Africa, except in intensively managed areas. PNAS 112, 14894\u201314899 (2015).","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"20675_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12351","volume":"6","author":"AM Gopalaswamy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gopalaswamy, A. M., Delampady, M., Karanth, K. U., Kumar, N. & Macdonald, D. W. An examination of index\u2010calibration experiments: counting tigers at macroecological scales. Methods Ecol. Evol. 6, 1055\u20131066 (2015).","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"20675_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac4768","volume":"350","author":"S Creel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Creel, S. et al. Questionable policy for large carnivore hunting. Science 350, 1473\u20131475 (2015).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"20675_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E107","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1521506113","volume":"113","author":"J Riggio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Riggio, J. et al. Lion populations may be declining in Africa but not as Bauer et al. suggest. PNAS 113, E107 (2016).","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"20675_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harihar, A., Chanchani, P., Pariwakam, M., Noon, B. R. & Goodrich, J. Defensible inference: Questioning global trends in tiger populations. Cons. Lett. 10, 502\u2013505.","DOI":"10.1111\/conl.12406"},{"key":"20675_CR9","first-page":"14","volume":"23","author":"C Duchamp","year":"2011","unstructured":"Duchamp, C. et al. Wolf monitoring in France: a dual frame process to survey time-and space-related changes in the population. Hystrix 23, 14\u201328 (2011).","journal-title":"Hystrix"},{"key":"20675_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/conl.12200","volume":"9","author":"Y Epstein","year":"2016","unstructured":"Epstein, Y., L\u00f3pez-Bao, J. V. & Chapron, G. A legal-ecological understanding of favorable conservation status for species inEurope. Cons. Lett. 9, 81\u201388 (2016).","journal-title":"Cons. Lett."},{"key":"20675_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beyer, D. E., Peterson, R. O., Vucetich, J. A. & Hammill, J. H. Wolf population changes in Michigan. In Wydeven, A. P., VanDeelen, T. R., Heske, E. J. (Eds) Recovery of gray wolves in the Great Lakes region of the United States (pp. 65\u201385). Springer Publishing, New York, New York, USA (2009).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-85952-1_5"},{"key":"20675_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-015-0914-8","volume":"24","author":"JV L\u00f3pez-Bao","year":"2015","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Bao, J. V. et al. Toothless wildlife protection laws. Biodivers. Conserv. 24, 2105\u20132108 (2015).","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"20675_CR13","unstructured":"Swedish Parliament. A new predator management. Environment and Agriculture Committee report 2009\/10:MJU8 (2009)."},{"key":"20675_CR14","unstructured":"Norwegian Environment Agency, http:\/\/www.environment.no\/goals\/1.-biodiversity\/target-1.2\/status-of-specific-threatened-species\/four-wolf-litters\/ (2016)."},{"key":"20675_CR15","unstructured":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service [USFWS]. The reintroduction of gray wolves to Yellowstone National Park and Central Idaho. Appendix 9. Final Environmental Impact Statement. Denver, Colorado, USA (1994)."},{"key":"20675_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.2193\/2009-303","volume":"74","author":"DE Ausband","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ausband, D. E. et al. Surveying predicted rendezvous sites to monitor gray wolf populations. J. Wildl. Manage. 74, 1043\u20131049 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manage."},{"key":"20675_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12685","volume":"30","author":"J Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez, J. et al. Multimethod, multistate Bayesian hierarchical modeling approach for use in regional monitoring of wolves. Conserv. Biol. 30, 883\u2013893 (2016).","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"20675_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1257553","volume":"346","author":"G Chapron","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chapron, G. et al. Recovery of large carnivores in Europe\u2019s modern human-dominated landscapes. Science 346, 1517\u20131519 (2014).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"20675_CR19","unstructured":"Kaczensky, P. et al. Status, management and distribution of large carnivores: bear, lynx, wolf and wolverine: in Europe. Report to the EU Commission, p 272 (2013)."},{"key":"20675_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2016.08.012","volume":"339","author":"G Chapron","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chapron, G. et al. Estimating wolf (Canis lupus) population size from number of packs and an individual based model. Ecol. Mod. 339, 33\u201344 (2016).","journal-title":"Ecol. Mod."},{"key":"20675_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/wsb.659","volume":"40","author":"AJ Piaggio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Piaggio, A. J. et al. A noninvasive method to detect Mexican wolves and estimate abundance. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 40, 321\u2013330 (2016).","journal-title":"Wildl. Soc. Bull."},{"key":"20675_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boitani, L. & Powell, R. A. Carnivore ecology and conservation: a handbook of techniques. Oxford University Press (2012).","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199558520.001.0001"},{"key":"20675_CR23","unstructured":"Long, R. A., MacKay, P., Zielinski, W. J. & Ray, J. C. Noninvasive survey methods for carnivores. Island Press, Washington D. C. (2008)."},{"key":"20675_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Connell, A. F., Nichols, J. D. & Karanth, K. U. Camera traps in animal ecology. Methods and analyses. Springer, Tokyo (2011).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-99495-4"},{"key":"20675_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0153858","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153858","volume":"11","author":"V Palacios","year":"2016","unstructured":"Palacios, V., L\u00f3pez-Bao, J. V., Llaneza, L., Fern\u00e1ndez, C. & Font, E. Decoding group vocalizations: The acoustic energy distribution of chorus howls is useful to determine wolf reproduction. PLOS ONE 11, e0153858 (2016).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"20675_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e93015","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093015","volume":"9","author":"L Llaneza","year":"2014","unstructured":"Llaneza, L., Garc\u00eda, E. J. & L\u00f3pez-Bao, J. V. Intensity of territorial marking predicts wolf reproduction: Implications for wolf monitoring. PLOS ONE 9, e93015 (2014).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"20675_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2009.01696.x","volume":"46","author":"F Marucco","year":"2009","unstructured":"Marucco, F. et al. Wolf survival and population trend using non-invasive capture\u2013recapture techniques in the Western Alps. J. Appl. Ecol. 46, 1003\u20131010 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"20675_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.32800\/abc.2004.27.0217","volume":"27","author":"MG Efford","year":"2004","unstructured":"Efford, M. G., Dawson, D. K. & Robbins, C. S. DENSITY: Software for analysing capture-recapture data from passive detector arrays. Anim. Biodiv. Conserv. 27, 217\u2013228 (2004).","journal-title":"Anim. Biodiv. Conserv."},{"key":"20675_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01747","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.1747","volume":"8","author":"BJ Furnas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Furnas, B. J., Landers, R. H., Callas, R. L. & Matthews, S. M. Estimating population size of fishers (Pekania pennanti) using camera stations and auxiliary data on home range size. Ecosphere 8, e01747 (2017).","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"20675_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7134","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.3177","volume":"7","author":"VD Popescu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Popescu, V. D., Iosif, R., Pop, M. I. & Chiriac, S. Bouro\u0219, G. & Furnas, B.J. Integrating sign surveys and telemetry data for estimating brown bear (Ursus arctos) density in the Romanian Carpathians. Ecol. Evol. 7, 7134\u20137144 (2017).","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"20675_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Royle, J. A., Fuller, A. K. & Sutherland, C. Unifying population and landscape ecology with spatial capture-recapture. Ecography, in press, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ecog.03170.","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.03170"},{"key":"20675_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Royle, J. A., Chandler, R. B., Sollman, R. & Gardner, B. Spatial capture-recapture. Elsevier. Academic Press (2014).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-405939-9.00005-0"},{"key":"20675_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0185588","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185588","volume":"12","author":"S Tenan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tenan, S., Pedrini, P., Bragalanti, N., Groff, C. & Sutherland, C. Data integration for inference about spatial processes: A model-based approach to test and account for data inconsistency. PLOS ONE 12, e0185588 (2017).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"20675_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1111\/cobi.12878","volume":"31","author":"NB Elliot","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elliot, N. B. & Gopalaswamy, A. M. Towards accurate and precise estimates of lion density. Conserv. Biol. 31, 934\u2013943 (2016).","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"20675_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0140757","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140757","volume":"10","author":"JF Goldberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goldberg, J. F. et al. Examining temporal sample scale and model choice with spatial capture-recapture models in the common leopard Panthera pardus. PLOS ONE 10, e0140757 (2015).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"20675_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2192\/URSU-D-16-00030.1","volume":"28","author":"S Molina","year":"2017","unstructured":"Molina, S., Fuller, A. K., Morin, D. J. & Royle, J. A. Use of spatial capture \u2013 recapture to estimate density of Andean bears in northern Ecuador. Ursus 28, 117\u2013126 (2017).","journal-title":"Ursus"},{"key":"20675_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/conl.12183","volume":"9","author":"R Bischof","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bischof, R., Br\u00f8seth, H. & Gimenez, O. Wildlife in a politically divided world: Insularism inflates estimates of brown bear abundance. Cons. Lett. 9, 122\u2013130 (2016).","journal-title":"Cons. Lett."},{"key":"20675_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.1406","volume":"7","author":"R Sollmann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sollmann, R., Gardner, B., Belant, J. L., Wilton, C. M. & Beringer, J. Habitat associations in a recolonizing, low-density black bear population. Ecosphere 7, 1\u201311 (2016).","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"20675_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.21104","volume":"80","author":"AT Morehouse","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morehouse, A. T. & Boyce, M. S. Grizzly bears without borders: Spatially explicit capture-recapture in southwestern Alberta. J. Wildl. Manage. 80, 1152\u20131166 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manage."},{"key":"20675_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1890\/11-0332.1","volume":"92","author":"MG Efford","year":"2011","unstructured":"Efford, M. G. Estimation of population density by spatially explicit capture\u2013recapture analysis of data from area searches. Ecology 92, 2202\u20132207 (2011).","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"20675_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2676","DOI":"10.1890\/08-1735.1","volume":"90","author":"MG Efford","year":"2009","unstructured":"Efford, M. G., Dawson, D. K. & Borchers, D. L. Population density estimated from locations of individuals on a passive detector array. Ecology 90, 2676\u20132682 (2009).","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"20675_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandell, M. The mating tactics and spacing patterns of solitary carnivores. In Gittleman, J. L. (Ed). Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution (pp. 164\u2013182). Ithaca. Cornell University Press (1989).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-4716-4_7"},{"key":"20675_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mech, L. D. & Boitani, L. Wolves: Behavior, ecology, and conservation. University of Chicago Press (2003).","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226516981.001.0001"},{"key":"20675_CR44","first-page":"66","volume":"30","author":"W Jedrzejewski","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jedrzejewski, W., Schmidt, K., Theuerkauf, J., Jedrzejewska, B. & Kowalczyk, R. Territory size of wolves Canis lupus: linking local (Bialowieza Primeval Forest, Poland) and Holarctic-scale patterns. Ecography 30, 66\u201376 (2007).","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"20675_CR45","unstructured":"Fritts, S. H. & Mech, L. D. Dynamics, movements, and feeding ecology of a newly protected wolf population in northwestern Minnesota. Wildl. Monogr. 80 (1981)."},{"key":"20675_CR46","unstructured":"Peterson, R. O., Woolington, J. D. & Bailey, T. N. Wolves of the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Wildl. Monogr. 88 (1984)."},{"key":"20675_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/wsb.506","volume":"39","author":"JF Benson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Benson, J. F. & Patterson, B. R. Spatial overlap, proximity, and habitat use of individual wolves within the same packs. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 39, 31\u201340 (2015).","journal-title":"Wildl. Soc. Bull."},{"key":"20675_CR48","unstructured":"Llaneza, L., Garc\u00eda, E. J., Palacios, V. & L\u00f3pez-Bao, J. V. Wolf monitoring in Galicia, 2013\u20132014. Report to the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Spain (2015)."},{"key":"20675_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42475","volume":"7","author":"C Pacheco","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pacheco, C. et al. Spatial assessment of wolf-dog hybridization in a single breeding period. Sci. Rep. 7, 42475 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"20675_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.12313","volume":"15","author":"R Godinho","year":"2015","unstructured":"Godinho, R. et al. Real\u2010time assessment of hybridization between wolves and dogs: combining non-invasive samples with ancestry informative markers. Mol. Ecol. Res. 15, 317\u2013328 (2015).","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Res."},{"key":"20675_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-017-1112-7","volume":"63","author":"M Nakamura","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nakamura, M. et al. Evaluating the predictive power of field variables for species and individual molecular identification on wolf non-invasive samples. Eur. J. Wildl. Res. 63, 53 (2017).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"20675_CR52","unstructured":"Llaneza, L. Wolves in human-dominated landscapes of Northwestern Iberian Peninsula. PhD thesis. University ofSantiago de Compostela, Spain (2016)."},{"key":"20675_CR53","unstructured":"Chandler, R. Unmarked Workshop, http:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/spatialcapturerecapture\/workshop\u2013athens-ga-3-2015\/day-4 (2015)."},{"key":"20675_CR54","unstructured":"NIMBLE Development Team. NIMBLE: An R Package for Programming with BUGS models (2015)."},{"key":"20675_CR55","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/ (2017)."},{"key":"20675_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gelman, A., Carlin, J. B., Stern, H. S. & Rubin, D. B. Bayesian data analysis (Vol. 2). Boca Raton, FL, USA: Chapman & Hall\/CRC (2013).","DOI":"10.1201\/b16018"},{"key":"20675_CR57","first-page":"7","volume":"6","author":"M Plummer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Plummer, M., Best, N., Cowles, K. & Vines, K. CODA: Convergence diagnosis and output analysis for MCMC. R news 6, 7\u201311 (2006).","journal-title":"R news"},{"key":"20675_CR58","unstructured":"Calenge, C. Home range estimation. adehabitatHR package for R. Version 0.3 (2013)."},{"key":"20675_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2016.06.022","volume":"201","author":"V Sazatornil","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sazatornil, V. et al. The role of human-related risk in breeding site selection by wolves. Biol. Cons. 201, 103\u2013110 (2016).","journal-title":"Biol. Cons."},{"key":"20675_CR60","unstructured":"Llaneza, L., Garc\u00eda, E. J., Palacios, V., Sazatornil, V. & L\u00f3pez-Bao, J. V. Pack size in the Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus). Oral communication. Abstract-book of the III Iberian Wolf Congress: p. 19 (2012)."},{"key":"20675_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2017.01.005","volume":"207","author":"JH Schmidt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schmidt, J. H., Rattenbury, K. L., Robison, H. L., Gorn, T. S. & Shults, B. S. Using non-invasive mark-resight and sign occupancy surveys to monitor low-density brown bear populations across large landscapes. Biol. Cons. 207, 47\u201354 (2017).","journal-title":"Biol. Cons."},{"key":"20675_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2013.08.003","volume":"167","author":"R Sollmann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sollmann, R. et al. Combining camera-trapping and noninvasive genetic data in a spatial capture\u2013recapture framework improves density estimates for the jaguar. Biol. Cons. 167, 242\u2013247 (2013).","journal-title":"Biol. Cons."},{"key":"20675_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-3472(79)90010-1","volume":"27","author":"RJ Rothman","year":"1979","unstructured":"Rothman, R. J. & Mech, L. D. Scent-marking in lone wolves and newly formed pairs. Anim. Behav. 27, 750\u2013760 (1979).","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"20675_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12291","volume":"6","author":"BC Stevenson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stevenson, B. C. et al. A general framework for animal density estimation from acoustic detections across a fixed microphone array. Methods Ecol. Evol. 6, 38\u201348 (2015).","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"20675_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1002\/env.2317","volume":"25","author":"B Reich","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reich, B. & Gardner, B. A spatial capture-recapture model for territorial species. Environmetrics 25, 630\u2013637 (2014).","journal-title":"Environmetrics"},{"key":"20675_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biw092","volume":"66","author":"WJ Ripple","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ripple, W. J. et al. Saving the world\u2019s terrestrial megafauna. BioScience 66, 807\u2013812 (2016).","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"20675_CR67","unstructured":"Johnson, N. C., Malk, A. J., Szaro, R. C. & Sexton, W. T. Ecological stewardship: A common reference for ecosystem management. Oxford Elsevier Science Ltd (1999)."},{"key":"20675_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bormann, B. T., Haynes, R. W. & Martin, J. R. Adaptive management of forest ecosystems: did some rubber hit the road? BioScience 57, 186\u2013191.","DOI":"10.1641\/B570213"},{"key":"20675_CR69","unstructured":"LIFE DinAlp Bear, http:\/\/dinalpbear.eu\/en\/ (2017)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-20675-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-20675-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-20675-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]],"date-time":"2024-06-30T19:23:47Z","timestamp":1719775427000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-20675-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["20675"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-20675-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 June 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 January 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 February 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"2177"}}