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Polyploidy has been mainly studied in plant model species in which the sporophyte is the dominant phase in their life history. In this study, we address such questions in a novel system (<jats:italic>Porphyra<\/jats:italic>, red algae) where the gametophyte is the dominant phase in the life history. Three<jats:italic>Porphyra<\/jats:italic>species (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>dioica<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>umbilicalis<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>linearis<\/jats:italic>) were used in comparisons of ploidy levels, genome sizes and genetic differentiation using flow cytometry and 11 microsatellite markers among putative polyploid lineages. Multiple ploidy levels and genome sizes were found in<jats:italic>Porphyra<\/jats:italic>species, representing different cell lines and comprising several cytotype combinations among the same and different individuals. In<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>linearis<\/jats:italic>, genetic differentiation was found among three polyploid lineages: triploid, tetraploid and mixoploids, representing different evolutionary units. We conclude that the gametophytic phase (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>) in<jats:italic>Porphyra<\/jats:italic>species is not haploid, contradicting previous theories. New hypotheses for the life histories of<jats:italic>Porphyra<\/jats:italic>species are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26796-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,31]],"date-time":"2018-05-31T14:43:51Z","timestamp":1527777831000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Polyploid lineages in the genus Porphyra"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7262-3475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Varela-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Loureiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Paulino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ester A.","family":"Serr\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"26796_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.10.022","volume":"131","author":"SP Otto","year":"2007","unstructured":"Otto, S. 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