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In this study we tested whether abundance estimates obtained using <jats:italic>N-<\/jats:italic>mixture models provide consistent results with more traditional approaches requiring capture (capture-mark recapture and removal sampling). We focused on endemic, threatened species of amphibians and reptiles in Italy, for which accurate abundance data are needed for conservation assessments: the Lanza\u2019s Alpine salamander <jats:italic>Salamandra lanzai<\/jats:italic>, the Ambrosi\u2019s cave salamander <jats:italic>Hydromantes ambrosii<\/jats:italic> and the Aeolian wall lizard <jats:italic>Podarcis raffonei<\/jats:italic>. In visual counts, detection probability was variable among species, ranging between 0.14 (Alpine salamanders) and 0.60 (cave salamanders). For all the species, abundance estimates obtained using <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>-mixture models showed limited differences with the ones obtained through capture-mark-recapture or removal sampling. The match was particularly accurate for cave salamanders in sites with limited abundance and for lizards, nevertheless non-incorporating heterogeneity of detection probability increased bias. <jats:italic>N-<\/jats:italic>mixture models provide reliable abundance estimates that are comparable with the ones of more traditional approaches, and offer additional advantages such as a smaller sampling effort and no need of manipulating individuals, which in turn reduces the risk of harming animals and spreading diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28432-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,3]],"date-time":"2018-07-03T14:19:45Z","timestamp":1530627585000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["N-mixture models reliably estimate the abundance of small vertebrates"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3414-5155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gentile Francesco","family":"Ficetola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Benedetta","family":"Barzaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Melotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Muraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Lunghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Canedoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elia","family":"Lo Parrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Nanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Iolanda","family":"Silva-Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Urso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miguel Angel","family":"Carretero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3804-2690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Salvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Scali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Scar\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Pennati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Franco","family":"Andreone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Raoul","family":"Manenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"28432_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1670\/07-061.1","volume":"41","author":"MJ Mazerolle","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mazerolle, M. 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