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Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has been effective in enhancing this function. We tested the effects of eight sessions of tDCS and cognitive training on immediate and delayed memory, verbal fluency and working memory and its association with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. Forty females with fibromyalgia were randomized to receive eight sessions of active or sham tDCS. Anodal stimulation (2\u2009mA) was applied over the DLPFC and online combined with a working memory training (WMT) for 20\u2009minutes. Pre and post-treatment neurocognitive tests were administered. Data analysis on deltas considering years of education and BDNF as covariates, indicated active-tDCS\u2009+\u2009WMT significantly increased immediate memory indexed by Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test score when compared to sham. This effect was dependent on basal BDNF levels. In addition, the model showed active stimulation increased orthographic and semantic verbal fluency scores (Controlled Oral\u00a0Word Association Test) and short-term memory (Forward Digit Span). The combination of both techniques seemed to produce effects on specific cognitive functions related to short-term and long-term episodic memory and executive functions, which has clinical relevance for top-down treatment approaches in FM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30127-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,14]],"date-time":"2018-08-14T14:55:19Z","timestamp":1534258519000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Cognitive effects of transcranial direct current stimulation combined with working memory training in fibromyalgia: a randomized clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Vinicius Souza dos Souza dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maxciel","family":"Zortea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rael Lopes","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C\u00e1tia Cilene dos Santos","family":"Naziazeno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J\u00falia Schirmer","family":"Saldanha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sandra da Concei\u00e7\u00e3o Ribeiro de","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0323-9012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio Jorge da Costa","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Iraci Lucena da Silva","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Andressa de","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Prisla \u00dccker","family":"Calvetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Fregni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Wolnei","family":"Caumo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"30127_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.21931","volume":"65","author":"F Wolfe","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wolfe, F., Br\u00e4hler, E., Hinz, A. & H\u00e4user, W. 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