{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T17:51:58Z","timestamp":1770486718266,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]],"date-time":"2018-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536192000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]],"date-time":"2018-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Obesity is a common nutrition-related disorder leading to reduced life expectancy in both humans and dogs. With the aim of identifying new prevention and control options, the study objectives were (1) to investigate dog-owner perceptions about obesity in terms of themselves and their dogs, and (2) to identify factors associated with obesity and possible social, environmental and economic drivers for its development in dog owners and their pets. A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was performed across multiple countries. The questionnaire focused on human and canine obesity, associated factors and potential drivers, and was distributed online and in the form of hard copies among dog owners in 11 European countries. In total, 3,185 responses from ten countries were included in multivariable analyses. Between 19.1% and 48.8% of the dog owners reported to be overweight\/obese. Owner-reported overweight\/obesity in dogs ranged from 6.0% to 31.3% based on body condition score charts, and 31.8% to 69.4% based on body fat index charts. Common factors associated with obesity in owners and their dogs were age, gender and owners\u2019 attitudes to diet and physical activity. Dog owners who did not consider obesity to be a disease were more likely to have obese dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31532-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]],"date-time":"2018-08-31T13:39:18Z","timestamp":1535722758000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["European dog owner perceptions of obesity and factors associated with human and canine obesity"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Alberto","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Prieto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Liza Rosenbaum","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Roman","family":"D\u0105browski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Charlotte Reinhard","family":"Bj\u00f8rnvad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Josefin","family":"S\u00f6der","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9370-1337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsa","family":"Lamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ingrida","family":"Monkeviciene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Blanka Beer","family":"Ljubi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Iosif","family":"Vasiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Savic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Busato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Zeki","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Antonio F.","family":"Bravo-Cantero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Malin","family":"\u00d6hlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Lucena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rasa","family":"Zelvyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jasna","family":"Aladrovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pia","family":"Lopez-Jornet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Caldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Lavrador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Birute","family":"Karveliene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Mrljak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jovita","family":"Mazeikiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5323-5001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asta","family":"Tvarijonaviciute","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"31532_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2016.04.007","volume":"46","author":"LP Weeth","year":"2016","unstructured":"Weeth, L. P. Other Risks\/Possible Benefits of Obesity. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. 46, 843\u2013853 (2016).","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"31532_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1002\/2327-6924.12510","volume":"29","author":"SM Fruh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fruh, S. M. Obesity: Risk factors, complications, and strategies for sustainable long-term weight management. J. Am. Assoc. Nurse Pract. 29, S3\u2013S14 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Am. Assoc. Nurse Pract."},{"key":"31532_CR3","unstructured":"WHO | Obesity and overweight. WHO (2018)."},{"key":"31532_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.7.1940S","volume":"136","author":"AJ German","year":"2006","unstructured":"German, A. J. The growing problem of obesity in dogs and cats. J. Nutr. 136, 1940S\u20131946S (2006).","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"31532_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.33.2.2294","volume":"33","author":"B H\u00e4sler","year":"2014","unstructured":"H\u00e4sler, B., Cornelsen, L., Bennani, H. & Rushton, J. A review of the metrics for One Health benefits. Rev. Sci. Tech. 33, 453\u201364 (2014).","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"31532_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2017.03.006","volume":"156","author":"M Chandler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chandler, M. et al. Obesity and Associated Comorbidities in People and Companion Animals: A One Health Perspective. J. Comp. Pathol. 156, 296\u2013309 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"31532_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.g7521","volume":"175","author":"P Sand\u00f8e","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sand\u00f8e, P., Palmer, C., Corr, S., Astrup, A. & Bj\u00f8rnvad, C. R. Canine and feline obesity: a One Health perspective. Vet. Rec. 175, 610\u20136 (2014).","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"31532_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2006.00243.x","volume":"7","author":"Ido Carmo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Carmo, I. do et al. Prevalence of obesity in Portugal. Obes. Rev. 7, 233\u2013237 (2006).","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"31532_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2779S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/128.12.2779S","volume":"128","author":"E Kienzle","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kienzle, E., Bergler, R. & Mandernach, A. A comparison of the feeding behavior and the human-animal relationship in owners of normal and obese dogs. J. Nutr. 128, 2779S\u20132782S (1998).","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"31532_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2010.00933.x","volume":"51","author":"EA Courcier","year":"2010","unstructured":"Courcier, E. A., Thomson, R. M., Mellor, D. J. & Yam, P. S. An epidemiological study of environmental factors associated with canine obesity. J. Small Anim. Pract. 51, 362\u2013367 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"31532_CR11","unstructured":"WHO | Overweight and obesity. WHO (2017)."},{"key":"31532_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1177\/089801019701500404","volume":"15","author":"LB Jennings","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jennings, L. B. Potential Benefits of Pet Ownership in Health Promotion. J. Holist. Nurs. 15, 358\u2013372 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Holist. Nurs."},{"key":"31532_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2006.01.003","volume":"13","author":"H Cutt","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cutt, H., Giles-Corti, B., Knuiman, M. & Burke, V. Dog ownership, health and physical activity: A critical review of the literature. Health Place 13, 261\u2013272 (2007).","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"31532_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2008.05.007","volume":"47","author":"KJ Coleman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Coleman, K. J. et al. Physical activity, weight status, and neighborhood characteristics of dog walkers. Prev. Med. (Baltim). 47, 309\u2013312 (2008).","journal-title":"Prev. Med. (Baltim)."},{"key":"31532_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.10.5.750","volume":"10","author":"HE Christian","year":"2013","unstructured":"Christian, H. E. et al. Dog Ownership and Physical Activity: A Review of the Evidence. J. Phys. Act. Heal. 10, 750\u2013759 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Act. Heal."},{"key":"31532_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12176","volume":"12","author":"C Westgarth","year":"2017","unstructured":"Westgarth, C. et al. The association between dog ownership or dog walking and fitness or weight status in childhood. Pediatr. Obes. 12, e51\u2013e56 (2017).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"31532_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16118-6","volume":"7","author":"M Mubanga","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mubanga, M. et al. Dog ownership and the risk of cardiovascular disease and death \u2013 a nationwide cohort study. Sci. Rep. 7, 15821 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"31532_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00796","volume":"4","author":"R Wohlfarth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wohlfarth, R., Mutschler, B., Beetz, A., Kreuser, F. & Korsten-Reck, U. Dogs motivate obese children for physical activity: key elements of a motivational theory of animal-assisted interventions. Front. Psychol. 4, 796 (2013).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"31532_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2006.203","volume":"14","author":"RF Kushner","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kushner, R. F., Blatner, D. J., Jewell, D. E. & Rudloff, K. The PPET Study: People and Pets Exercising Together*. Obesity 14, 1762\u20131770 (2006).","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"31532_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN19980004","volume":"1","author":"BM Popkin","year":"1998","unstructured":"Popkin, B. M. The nutrition transition and its health implications in lower-income countries. Public Health Nutr. 1, 5\u201321 (1998).","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"31532_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60813-1","volume":"378","author":"BA Swinburn","year":"2011","unstructured":"Swinburn, B. A. et al. The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments. Lancet 378, 804\u2013814 (2011).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"31532_CR22","first-page":"236","volume":"31","author":"I Paetau\u2010Robinson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Paetau\u2010Robinson, I., Stiers, C. A. & Stone, B. A. The Body Fat Index Chart Is Equivalent to DEXA for Determination of Percent Body Fat During Weight Loss and Weight Maintenance in Dogs. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 31, 236 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"31532_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.2460\/AJVR.2002.63.7","volume":"63","author":"MM Sagawa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sagawa, M. M., Nakadomo, F., Honjoh, T., Ishioka, K. & Saito, M. Correlation between plasma leptin concentration and body fat content in dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 63, 7\u201310 (2002).","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"31532_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.244.11.1279","volume":"244","author":"AL Witzel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Witzel, A. L. et al. Use of a novel morphometric method and body fat index system for estimation of body composition in overweight and obese dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 244, 1279\u20131284 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"31532_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.118.14.391","volume":"118","author":"AT Edney","year":"1986","unstructured":"Edney, A. T. & Smith, P. M. Study of obesity in dogs visiting veterinary practices in the United Kingdom. Vet. Rec. 118, 391\u20136 (1986).","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"31532_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ricci, R. et al. Body condition score (BCS) and metabolic status of shelter dogs. Ital. J. Anim. Sci. 6, (2010).","DOI":"10.4081\/ijas.2007.1s.859"},{"key":"31532_CR27","first-page":"no","volume":"97","author":"RJ Corbee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Corbee, R. J. Obesity in show dogs. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (Berl). 97, no\u2013no (2012).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (Berl)."},{"key":"31532_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1278","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1278","volume":"3","author":"E Raffan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Raffan, E., Smith, S. P., O\u2019Rahilly, S. & Wardle, J. Development, factor structure and application of the Dog Obesity Risk and Appetite (DORA) questionnaire. PeerJ 3, e1278 (2015).","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"31532_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montoya-Alonso, J. A. et al. Prevalence of canine obesity, obesity-related metabolic dysfunction, and relationship with owner obesity in an obesogenic region of Spain. Front. Vet. Sci. 4 (2017).","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00059"},{"key":"31532_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1017\/S136898000999022X","volume":"13","author":"ML Nijland","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nijland, M. L., Stam, F. & Seidell, J. C. Overweight in dogs, but not in cats, is related to overweight in their owners. Public Health Nutr. 13, 102 (2010).","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"31532_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.06.010","volume":"102","author":"EA Courcier","year":"2011","unstructured":"Courcier, E. A., Mellor, D. J., Thomson, R. M. & Yam, P. S. A cross sectional study of the prevalence and risk factors for owner misperception of canine body shape in first opinion practice in Glasgow. Prev. Vet. Med. 102, 66\u201374 (2011).","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"31532_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21924","volume":"25","author":"AD Bryan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bryan, A. D. et al. Behavioral and Psychological Phenotyping of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: Implications for Weight Management. Obesity 25, 1653\u20131659 (2017).","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"31532_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2016.03.013","volume":"127","author":"PS Yam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yam, P. S. et al. Impact of canine overweight and obesity on health-related quality of life. Prev. Vet. Med. 127, 64\u201369 (2016).","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"31532_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000046","volume":"32","author":"M Olszanecka-Glinianowicz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Olszanecka-Glinianowicz, M., Zygmuntowicz, M., Owczarek, A., Elibol, A. & Chudek, J. The impact of overweight and obesity on health-related quality of life and blood pressure control in hypertensive patients. J. Hypertens. 32, 397\u2013407 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"31532_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.09.015","volume":"192","author":"AJ German","year":"2012","unstructured":"German, A. J. et al. Quality of life is reduced in obese dogs but improves after successful weight loss. Vet. J. 192, 428\u2013434 (2012).","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"31532_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.224.1932","volume":"224","author":"JE Yaissle","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yaissle, J. E., Holloway, C. & Buffington, C. A. T. Evaluation of owner education as a component of obesity treatment programs for dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 224, 1932\u20131935 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"31532_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2001.14","volume":"9","author":"P Gordon-Larsen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gordon-Larsen, P. Obesity-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors in Obese and Non-obese Urban Philadelphia Female Adolescents. Obes. Res. 9, 112\u2013118 (2001).","journal-title":"Obes. Res."},{"key":"31532_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02462.x","volume":"30","author":"AD Ong","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ong, A. D. & Weiss, D. J. The Impact of Anonymity on Responses to Sensitive Questions1. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 30, 1691\u20131708 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"31532_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2005.00176.x","volume":"6","author":"I Janssen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Janssen, I. et al. Comparison of overweight and obesity prevalence in school-aged youth from 34 countries and their relationships with physical activity and dietary patterns. Obes. Rev. 6, 123\u2013132 (2005).","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"31532_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00909-5","volume":"386","author":"MJ Taylor","year":"2015","unstructured":"Taylor, M. J. et al. Measurement of the association between perceived exercise capability and childhood obesity: a feasibility study. Lancet 386, S71 (2015).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"31532_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(03)00009-6","volume":"58","author":"ID Robertson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Robertson, I. D. The association of exercise, diet and other factors with owner-perceived obesity in privately owned dogs from metropolitan Perth, WA. Prev. Vet. Med. 58, 75\u201383 (2003).","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"31532_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-84782005000600016","volume":"35","author":"AC Carciofi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Carciofi, A. C. et al. A weight loss protocol and owners participation in the treatment of canine obesity. Ci\u00eancia Rural 35, 1331\u20131338 (2005).","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia Rural"},{"key":"31532_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.156.22.695","volume":"156","author":"PD McGreevy","year":"2005","unstructured":"McGreevy, P. D. et al. Prevalence of obesity in dogs examined by Australian veterinary practices and the risk factors involved. Vet. Rec. 156, 695\u2013702 (2005).","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"31532_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2009.08.016","volume":"92","author":"IM Bland","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bland, I. M., Guthrie-Jones, A., Taylor, R. D. & Hill, J. Dog obesity: Owner attitudes and behaviour. Prev. Vet. Med. 92, 333\u2013340 (2009).","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"31532_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1590\/S1135-57272012000300005","volume":"86","author":"M Lima-Serrano","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lima-Serrano, M., Lima-Rodr\u00edguez, J. S. & S\u00e1ez-Bueno, \u00c1. Design and validation of scales to measure adolescent attitude toward eating and toward physical activity. Rev. Esp. Salud Publica 86, 253\u2013268 (2012).","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Salud Publica"},{"key":"31532_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2013.08.012","volume":"112","author":"J Mao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mao, J., Xia, Z., Chen, J. & Yu, J. Prevalence and risk factors for canine obesity surveyed in veterinary practices in Beijing, China. Prev. Vet. Med. 112, 438\u2013442 (2013).","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-31532-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-31532-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-31532-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T09:09:25Z","timestamp":1671613765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-018-31532-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["31532"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-31532-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 January 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 August 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 September 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"13353"}}