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We have studied genetic variation at 16 microsatellites and two mitochondrial DNA genes in temporal samples of Madeira Island, in order to assess the origin of the invasion and the population structure of this mosquito vector. Our results indicated at least two independent colonization events occurred on the island, both having a South American source population. In both scenarios, Venezuela was the most probable origin of these introductions, a result that is in accordance with the socioeconomic relations between this country and Madeira Island. Once introduced, <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic> has rapidly expanded along the southern coast of the island and reached a maximum effective population size (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>e<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>) in 2012, coincident with the dengue epidemic. After the outbreak, there was a 10-fold reduction in <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>e<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> estimates, possibly reflecting the impact of community-based vector control measures implemented during the outbreak. These findings have implications for mosquito surveillance not only for Madeira Island, but also for other European regions where <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes are expanding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-38373-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]],"date-time":"2019-02-19T11:04:24Z","timestamp":1550574264000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Origin and expansion of the mosquito Aedes aegypti in Madeira Island (Portugal)"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Gon\u00e7alo","family":"Seixas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8628-3651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Salgueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Aline","family":"Bronzato-Badial","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ysabel","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Matias","family":"Reyes-Lugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vasco","family":"Gordicho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Ribolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bela","family":"Viveiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana Clara","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8572-7708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carla A.","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"38373_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.36.30336","volume":"21","author":"MD Fernandez-Garcia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fernandez-Garcia, M. 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