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Herein, we studied a large cohort of old age and young adult male rats and confirmed that, as a group, old\u00a0 rats display poorer spatial learning and behavioral flexibility than younger adults. Surprisingly, when animals were clustered as good and bad performers, our data revealed that while in younger animals better cognitive performance was associated with longer dendritic trees and increased levels of synaptic markers in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, the opposite was found in the\u00a0older group, in which better performance was associated with shorter dendrites and lower levels of synaptic markers. Additionally, in\u00a0old, but not young individuals, worse performance correlated with increased levels of BDNF and the autophagy substrate p62, but decreased levels of the autophagy complex protein LC3. 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