{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T23:39:22Z","timestamp":1776123562557,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]],"date-time":"2019-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561420800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]],"date-time":"2019-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>A large retreat of sea-ice in the \u2018stormy\u2019 Atlantic Sector of the Arctic Ocean has become evident through a series of record minima for the winter maximum sea-ice extent since 2015. Results from the Norwegian young sea ICE (N-ICE2015) expedition, a five-month-long (Jan-Jun) drifting ice station in first and second year pack-ice north of Svalbard, showcase how sea-ice in this region is frequently affected by passing winter storms. Here we synthesise the interdisciplinary N-ICE2015 dataset, including independent observations of the atmosphere, snow, sea-ice, ocean, and ecosystem. We build upon recent results and illustrate the different mechanisms through which winter storms impact the coupled Arctic sea-ice system. These short-lived and episodic synoptic-scale events transport pulses of heat and moisture into the Arctic, which temporarily reduce radiative cooling and henceforth ice growth. Cumulative snowfall from each sequential storm deepens the snow pack and insulates the sea-ice, further inhibiting ice growth throughout the remaining winter season. Strong winds fracture the ice cover, enhance ocean-ice-atmosphere heat fluxes, and make the ice more susceptible to lateral melt. In conclusion, the legacy of Arctic winter storms for sea-ice and the ice-associated ecosystem in the Atlantic Sector lasts far beyond their short lifespan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45574-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]],"date-time":"2019-06-25T21:52:50Z","timestamp":1561499570000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Winter storms accelerate the demise of sea ice in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic Ocean"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0008-1886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert M.","family":"Graham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4029-1936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polona","family":"Itkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0447-795X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amelie","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6913-3368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arild","family":"Sundfjord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0165-8448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gunnar","family":"Spreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7391-0740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars H.","family":"Smedsrud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Glen E.","family":"Liston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lana","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dmitry","family":"Divine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2427-2532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilker","family":"Fer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Agneta","family":"Fransson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2295-9867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Gerland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jari","family":"Haapala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Hudson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0129-2239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. Malin","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ioanna","family":"Merkouriadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Algot K.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Provost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7947-9090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achim","family":"Randelhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Rinke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anja","family":"R\u00f6sel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Senn\u00e9chael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Von P.","family":"Walden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Assmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Steen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5035-4347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mats A.","family":"Granskog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"45574_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2004)017<2300:CAIVOA>2.0.CO;2","volume":"17","author":"X Zhang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Walsh, J. E., Zhang, J., Bhatt, U. S. & Ikeda, M. Climatology and Interannual Variability of Arctic Cyclone Activity: 1948\u20132002. J. Clim. 17, 2300\u20132317 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"45574_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0870.2008.00314.x","volume":"60","author":"A Sorteberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sorteberg, A. & Walsh, J. E. Seasonal cyclone variability at 70\u00b0N and its impact on moisture transport into the Arctic. Tellus A 60, 570\u2013586 (2008).","journal-title":"Tellus A"},{"key":"45574_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"094006","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aa7def","volume":"12","author":"A Rinke","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rinke, A. et al. Extreme cyclone events in the Arctic: Wintertime variability and trends. Environ. Res. Lett. 12, 094006 (2017).","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"45574_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4473","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-15-0773.1","volume":"29","author":"C Woods","year":"2016","unstructured":"Woods, C. & Caballero, R. The Role of Moist Intrusions in Winter Arctic Warming and Sea Ice Decline. J. Clim. 29, 4473\u20134485 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"45574_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5716","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD025475","volume":"122","author":"RM Graham","year":"2017","unstructured":"Graham, R. M. et al. A comparison of the two Arctic atmospheric winter states observed during N-ICE2015 and SHEBA. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos 122, 5716\u20135737 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos"},{"key":"45574_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39084","volume":"6","author":"GWK Moore","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moore, G. W. K. The December 2015 North Pole Warming Event and the Increasing Occurrence of Such Events. Sci. Rep 6, 39084 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"45574_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6974","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL073395","volume":"44","author":"RM Graham","year":"2017","unstructured":"Graham, R. M. et al. Increasing frequency and duration of Arctic winter warming events. Geophys. Res. Lett. 44, 6974\u20136983 (2017).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"45574_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4279","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-16-0234.1","volume":"144","author":"LN Boisvert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Boisvert, L. N., Petty, A. A. & Stroeve, J. C. The Impact of the Extreme Winter 2015\/16 Arctic Cyclone on the Barents\u2013Kara Seas. Mon. Weather Rev. 144, 4279\u20134287 (2016).","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"45574_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5609","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0320.1","volume":"29","author":"JE Overland","year":"2016","unstructured":"Overland, J. E. & Wang, M. Recent Extreme Arctic Temperatures are due to a Split Polar Vortex. J. Clim. 29, 5609\u20135616 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"45574_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4027","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-15-0042.1","volume":"28","author":"D-SR Park","year":"2015","unstructured":"Park, D.-S. R., Lee, S. & Feldstein, S. B. Attribution of the Recent Winter Sea-Ice Decline over the Atlantic sector of the Arctic Ocean. J. Clim. 28, 4027\u20134033 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"45574_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"084011","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aa7a1d","volume":"12","author":"VA Alexeev","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alexeev, V. A., Walsh, J. E., Ivanov, V. V., Semenov, V. A. & Smirnov, A. V. Warming in the Nordic Seas, North Atlantic storms and thinning Arctic sea ice. Environ. Res. Lett. 12, 084011 (2017).","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"45574_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stroeve, J. C., Schroder, D., Tsamados, M. & Feltham, D. Warm winter, thin ice? Cryosph. 12, 1791\u20131809 (2018).","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-12-1791-2018"},{"key":"45574_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL072687","volume":"44","author":"E Johansson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Johansson, E., Devasthale, A., Tjernstr\u00f6m, M., Ekman, A. M. L. & L\u2019Ecuyer, T. Response of the lower troposphere to moisture intrusions into the Arctic. Geophys. Res. Lett. 44, 2527\u20132536 (2017).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"45574_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103001","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aade56","volume":"13","author":"J Stroeve","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stroeve, J. & Notz, D. Changing state of Arctic sea ice across all seasons. Environ. Res. Lett. 13, 103001 (2018).","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"45574_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JC012199","volume":"122","author":"J King","year":"2017","unstructured":"King, J. et al. Sea-ice thickness from field measurements in the northwestern Barents Sea. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean 122, 1497\u20131512 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"45574_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23933","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusa.v66.23933","volume":"66","author":"IH Onarheim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Onarheim, I. H., Smedsrud, L. H., Ingvaldsen, R. B. & Nilsen, F. Loss of sea ice during winter north of Svalbard. Tellus A 66, 23933 (2014).","journal-title":"Tellus A"},{"key":"45574_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-018-0205-y","volume":"8","author":"S Lind","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lind, S., Ingvaldsen, R. B. & Furevik, T. Arctic warming hotspot in the northern Barents Sea linked to declining sea-ice import. Nat. Clim. Chang 8, 634\u2013639 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang"},{"key":"45574_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-15-0144.1","volume":"46","author":"V Ivanov","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ivanov, V. et al. Arctic Ocean Heat Impact on Regional Ice Decay: A Suggested Positive Feedback. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 46, 1437\u20131456 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"45574_CR19","first-page":"285","volume":"291","author":"IV Polyakov","year":"2017","unstructured":"Polyakov, I. V. et al. Greater role for Atlantic inflows on sea-ice loss in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic. Ocean. Science. 291, 285\u2013291 (2017).","journal-title":"Ocean. Science."},{"key":"45574_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-13-00177.1","volume":"96","author":"E Carmack","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carmack, E. et al. Toward Quantifying the Increasing Role of Oceanic Heat in Sea Ice Loss in the New. Arctic. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc 96, 2079\u20132105 (2015).","journal-title":"Arctic. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc"},{"key":"45574_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D15105","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD015847","volume":"116","author":"JA Screen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Screen, J. A., Simmonds, I. & Keay, K. Dramatic interannual changes of perennial Arctic sea ice linked to abnormal summer storm activity. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos 116, D15105 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos"},{"key":"45574_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50190","volume":"40","author":"J Zhang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Lindsay, R., Schweiger, A. & Steele, M. The impact of an intense summer cyclone on 2012 Arctic sea ice retreat. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40, 720\u2013726 (2013).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"45574_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JC010756","volume":"121","author":"DG Babb","year":"2016","unstructured":"Babb, D. G., Galley, R. J., Barber, D. G. & Rysgaard, S. Physical processes contributing to an ice free Beaufort Sea during September 2012. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean 121, 267\u2013283 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"45574_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C06025","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JC007221","volume":"117","author":"MG Asplin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Asplin, M. G., Galley, R., Barber, D. G. & Prinsenberg, S. Fracture of summer perennial sea ice by ocean swell as a result of Arctic storms. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean 117, C06025 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"45574_CR25","first-page":"C04008","volume":"109","author":"J Yang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yang, J., Comiso, J., Walsh, D., Krishfield, R. & Honjo, S. Storm-driven mixing and potential impact on the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. C Ocean 109, C04008 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. C Ocean"},{"key":"45574_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-13-00014.1","volume":"27","author":"R Lindsay","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lindsay, R., Wensnahan, M., Schweiger, A. & Zhang, J. Evaluation of seven different atmospheric reanalysis products in the arctic. J. Clim. 27, 2588\u20132606 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"45574_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8441","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-18-0125.1","volume":"31","author":"LN Boisvert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Boisvert, L. N. et al. Intercomparison of Precipitation Estimates over the Arctic Ocean and Its Peripheral Seas from Reanalyses. J. Clim. 31, 8441\u20138462 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"45574_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3588","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JC013364","volume":"123","author":"E Blanchard-Wrigglesworth","year":"2018","unstructured":"Blanchard-Wrigglesworth, E., Webster, M. A., Farrell, S. L. & Bitz, C. M. Reconstruction of Snow on Arctic Sea Ice. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean 123, 3588\u20133602 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"45574_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-018-0286-7","volume":"8","author":"M Webster","year":"2018","unstructured":"Webster, M. et al. Snow in the changing sea-ice systems. Nat. Clim. Chang 8, 946\u2013953 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang"},{"key":"45574_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JC013233","volume":"123","author":"J King","year":"2018","unstructured":"King, J. et al. Comparison of Freeboard Retrieval and Ice Thickness Calculation From ALS, ASIRAS, and CryoSat-2 in the Norwegian Arctic to Field Measurements Made During the N-ICE2015. Expedition. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean 123, 1123\u20131141 (2018).","journal-title":"Expedition. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"45574_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8047","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JC000400","volume":"107","author":"M Sturm","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sturm, M., Holmgren, J. & Perovich, D. K. Winter snow cover on the sea ice of the Arctic Ocean at the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA): Temporal evolution and spatial variability. J. Geophys. Res. 107, 8047 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"45574_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3786","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JC013706","volume":"123","author":"GE Liston","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liston, G. E. et al. A Distributed Snow-Evolution Model for Sea-Ice Applications (SnowModel). J. Geophys. Res. Ocean 123, 3786\u20133810 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"45574_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JC013328","volume":"123","author":"MA Granskog","year":"2018","unstructured":"Granskog, M. A., Fer, I., Rinke, A. & Steen, H. Atmosphere-Ice-Ocean-Ecosystem Processes in a Thinner Arctic Sea Ice Regime: The Norwegian Young Sea ICE (N-ICE2015). Expedition. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean 123, 1586\u20131594 (2018).","journal-title":"Expedition. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"45574_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7235","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD026034","volume":"122","author":"L Cohen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cohen, L., Hudson, S. R., Walden, V. P., Graham, R. M. & Granskog, M. A. Meteorological conditions in a thinner Arctic sea ice regime from winter to summer during the Norwegian Young Sea Ice expedition (N-ICE2015). J. Geophys. Res. Atmos 122, 7235\u20137259 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos"},{"key":"45574_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2003)131<0272:SAITSA>2.0.CO;2","volume":"131","author":"I Simmonds","year":"2003","unstructured":"Simmonds, I., Keay, K. & Lim, E.-P. Synoptic Activity in the Seas around Antarctica. Mon. Weather Rev. 131, 272\u2013288 (2003).","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"45574_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10,855","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD026089","volume":"122","author":"M Kayser","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kayser, M. et al. Vertical thermodynamic structure of the troposphere during the Norwegian young sea ICE. expedition (N-ICE2015). J. Geophys. Res. Atmos 122, 10,855\u201310,872 (2017).","journal-title":"expedition (N-ICE2015). J. Geophys. Res. Atmos"},{"key":"45574_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8427","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD026091","volume":"122","author":"VP Walden","year":"2017","unstructured":"Walden, V. P., Hudson, S. R., Cohen, L., Murphy, S. Y. & Granskog, M. A. Atmospheric components of the surface energy budget over young sea ice: Results from the N-ICE2015 campaign. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos 122, 8427\u20138446 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos"},{"key":"45574_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7115","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JC012011","volume":"122","author":"C Provost","year":"2017","unstructured":"Provost, C. et al. Observations of flooding and snow-ice formation in a thinner Arctic sea-ice regime during the N-ICE2015 campaign: Influence of basal ice melt and storms. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean 122, 7115\u20137134 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"45574_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-016-3383-1","volume":"49","author":"POG Persson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Persson, P. O. G., Shupe, M. D., Perovich, D. & Solomon, A. Linking atmospheric synoptic transport, cloud phase, surface energy fluxes, and sea-ice growth: observations of midwinter SHEBA conditions. Clim. Dyn 49, 1341\u20131364 (2017).","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn"},{"key":"45574_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JCLI3817.1","volume":"24","author":"K Stramler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stramler, K., Del Genio, A. D. & Rossow, W. B. Synoptically driven Arctic winter states. J. Clim. 24, 1747\u20131762 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"45574_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3646","DOI":"10.1029\/JC083iC07p03646","volume":"83","author":"GA Maykut","year":"1978","unstructured":"Maykut, G. A. Energy exchange over young sea ice in the central Arctic. J. Geophys. Res. 83, 3646\u20133658 (1978).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"45574_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JC012865","volume":"123","author":"A R\u00f6sel","year":"2018","unstructured":"R\u00f6sel, A. et al. Thin Sea Ice, Thick Snow, and Widespread Negative Freeboard Observed During N-ICE2015 North of Svalbard. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean 123, 1156\u20131176 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"45574_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10,837","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD026753","volume":"122","author":"I Merkouriadi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Merkouriadi, I. et al. Winter snow conditions on Arctic sea ice north of Svalbard during the Norwegian young sea ICE (N-ICE2015) expedition. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos 122, 10,837\u201310,854 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos"},{"key":"45574_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1999)012<1814:SDOASI>2.0.CO;2","volume":"12","author":"SG Warren","year":"1999","unstructured":"Warren, S. G. et al. Snow depth on Arctic sea ice. J. Clim. 12, 1814\u20131829 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"45574_CR45","first-page":"1","volume":"50","author":"K Sato","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sato, K. & Inoue, J. Comparison of Arctic sea ice thickness and snow depth estimates from CFSR with in situ observations. Clim. Dyn 50, 1\u201313 (2017).","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn"},{"key":"45574_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10,479","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL075494","volume":"44","author":"I Merkouriadi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Merkouriadi, I., Cheng, B., Graham, R. M., R\u00f6sel, A. & Granskog, M. A. Critical Role of Snow on Sea Ice Growth in the Atlantic Sector of the Arctic Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett. 44, 10,479\u201310,485 (2017).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"45574_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8043","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JC000409","volume":"107","author":"M Sturm","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sturm, M., Perovich, D. K. & Holmgren, J. Thermal conductivity and heat transfer through the snow on the ice of the Beaufort Sea. J. Geophys. Res. 107, 8043 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"45574_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7123","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JC012398","volume":"122","author":"MA Granskog","year":"2017","unstructured":"Granskog, M. A. et al. Snow contribution to first-year and second-year Arctic sea ice mass balance north of Svalbard. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean 122, 7123\u20137138 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"45574_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1029\/2000RG000085","volume":"39","author":"RA Massom","year":"2001","unstructured":"Massom, R. A. et al. Snow on Antarctic sea ice. Rev. Geophys. 39, 413\u2013445 (2001).","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"45574_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10,419","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL074506","volume":"44","author":"V Nandan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nandan, V. et al. Effect of Snow Salinity on CryoSat-2 Arctic First-Year Sea Ice Freeboard Measurements. Geophys. Res. Lett. 44, 10,419\u201310,426 (2017).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"45574_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13259","volume":"509","author":"R Bintanja","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bintanja, R. & Selten, F. M. Future increases in Arctic precipitation linked to local evaporation and sea-ice retreat. Nature 509, 479\u201382 (2014).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"45574_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5395","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JC009985","volume":"119","author":"MA Webster","year":"2014","unstructured":"Webster, M. A. et al. Interdecadal changes in snow depth on Arctic sea ice. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean. Res 119, 5395\u20135406 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean. Res"},{"key":"45574_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3240","volume":"7","author":"R Bintanja","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bintanja, R. & Andry, O. Towards a rain-dominated. Arctic . Nat. Clim. Chang 7, 263\u2013267 (2017).","journal-title":"Arctic . Nat. Clim. Chang"},{"key":"45574_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4661","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JC012403","volume":"122","author":"P Itkin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Itkin, P. et al. Thin ice and storms: Sea ice deformation from buoy arrays deployed during N-ICE2015. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean 122, 4661\u20134674 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"45574_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5105","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JC012387","volume":"122","author":"A Oikkonen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oikkonen, A., Haapala, J., Lensu, M., Karvonen, J. & Itkin, P. Small-scale sea ice deformation during N-ICE2015: From compact pack ice to marginal ice zone. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean 122, 5105\u20135120 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"45574_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L03805","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL032461","volume":"35","author":"C L\u00fcpkes","year":"2008","unstructured":"L\u00fcpkes, C., Vihma, T., Bimbaum, G. & Wacker, U. Influence of leads in sea ice on the temperature of the atmospheric boundary layer during polar night. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L03805 (2008).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"45574_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5566","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JC012478","volume":"122","author":"A Fransson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fransson, A. et al. Effects of sea-ice and biogeochemical processes and storms on under-ice water fCO during the winter-spring transition in the high Arctic Ocean: Implications for sea-air CO fluxes. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean 122, 5566\u20135587 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"45574_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6577","DOI":"10.1029\/95JC03625","volume":"101","author":"MA Merrifield","year":"1996","unstructured":"Merrifield, M. A. & Pinkel, R. Inertial currents in the Beaufort Sea: Observations of response to wind and shear. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean 101, 6577\u20136590 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"45574_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5936","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JC013094","volume":"122","author":"AK Peterson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peterson, A. K., Fer, I., McPhee, M. G. & Randelhof, A. Turbulent heat and momentum fluxes in the upper ocean under Arctic sea ice. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean 122, 5936\u20135951 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"45574_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4569","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JC012441","volume":"122","author":"A Meyer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Meyer, A., Fer, I., Sundfjord, A. & Peterson, A. K. Mixing rates and vertical heat fluxes north of Svalbard from Arctic winter to spring. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean 122, 4569\u20134586 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"45574_CR61","unstructured":"Nansen, F. The oceanography of the North Polar Basin. The Norwegian North Polar Expedition 1893\u20131896. Scientific Results (1902)."},{"key":"45574_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6218","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JC012391","volume":"122","author":"A Meyer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Meyer, A. et al. Winter to summer oceanographic observations in the Arctic Ocean north of Svalbard. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean 122, 6218\u20136237 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"45574_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6373","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JC013814","volume":"123","author":"AHH Renner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Renner, A. H. H. et al. Variability and Redistribution of Heat in the Atlantic Water Boundary Current North of Svalbard. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean 123, 6373\u20136391 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"45574_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JPO4371.1","volume":"40","author":"I Fer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fer, I., Skogseth, R. & Geyer, F. Internal Waves and Mixing in the Marginal Ice Zone near the Yermak Plateau. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 40, 1613\u20131630 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"45574_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2350","volume":"8","author":"TP Rippeth","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rippeth, T. P. et al. Tide-mediated warming of Arctic halocline by Atlantic heat fluxes over rough topography. Nat. Geosci. 8, 191\u2013194 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"45574_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3741","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JC011779","volume":"121","author":"A Randelhoff","year":"2016","unstructured":"Randelhoff, A., Fer, I., Sundfjord, A., Tremblay, J. E. & Reigstad, M. Vertical fluxes of nitrate in the seasonal nitracline of the Atlantic sector of the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean 121, 3741\u20133756 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"45574_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8600","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL070252","volume":"43","author":"A Randelhoff","year":"2016","unstructured":"Randelhoff, A. & Guthrie, J. D. Regional patterns in current and future export production in the central Arctic Ocean quantified from nitrate fluxes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 43, 8600\u20138608 (2016).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"45574_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JG003626","volume":"122","author":"HM Kauko","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kauko, H. M. et al. Windows in Arctic sea ice: Light transmission and ice algae in a refrozen lead. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosciences 122, 1486\u20131505 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosciences"},{"key":"45574_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1215065","volume":"336","author":"KR Arrigo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Arrigo, K. R. et al. Massive Phytoplankton Blooms Under Arctic Sea Ice. Science 336, 1408 (2012).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"45574_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40850","volume":"7","author":"P Assmy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Assmy, P. et al. Leads in Arctic pack ice enable early phytoplankton blooms below snow-covered sea ice. Sci. Rep 7, 40850 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"45574_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JC012187","volume":"122","author":"T Taskjelle","year":"2017","unstructured":"Taskjelle, T., Granskog, M. A., Pavlov, A. K., Hudson, S. R. & Hamre, B. Effects of an Arctic under-ice bloom on solar radiant heating of the water column Torbj\u00f8rn. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean 122, 126\u2013138 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"45574_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JC014777","volume":"124","author":"H Kauko","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kauko, H. et al. Photoacclimation state of an Arctic under-ice phytoplankton bloom. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean 124, 1750\u20131762 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"45574_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2018.00075","volume":"5","author":"M Fern\u00e1ndez-M\u00e9ndez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-M\u00e9ndez, M. et al. Algal Hot Spots in a Changing Arctic Ocean: Sea-Ice Ridges and the Snow-Ice Interface. Front. Mar. Sci 5, 75 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci"},{"key":"45574_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315404010112h","volume":"84","author":"A McMinn","year":"2004","unstructured":"McMinn, A. & Hegseth, E. N. Quantum yield and photosynthetic parameters of marine microalgae from the southern Arctic Ocean, Svalbard. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. United Kingdom 84, 865\u2013871 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. United Kingdom"},{"key":"45574_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s003000050317","volume":"20","author":"KR Buck","year":"1998","unstructured":"Buck, K. R., Nielsen, T. G., Hansen, B. W., Gastrup-Hansen, D. & Thomsen, H. A. Infiltration phyto- and protozooplankton assemblages in the annual sea ice of Disko Island, West Greenland, spring 1996. Polar Biol. 20, 377\u2013381 (1998).","journal-title":"Polar Biol."},{"key":"45574_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-9-269-2015","volume":"9","author":"R Lindsay","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lindsay, R. & Schweiger, A. Arctic sea ice thickness loss determined using subsurface, aircraft, and satellite observations. Cryosph 9, 269\u2013283 (2015).","journal-title":"Cryosph"},{"key":"45574_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12,739","DOI":"10.1029\/JC094iC09p12739","volume":"94","author":"MJ Steele","year":"1989","unstructured":"Steele, M. J., Morison, H. & Untersteiner, N. The partition of air-ice-ocean momentum exchange as a function of ice concentration, floe size, and draft. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean 94, 12,739\u201312,750 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"45574_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2802","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL071470","volume":"44","author":"D Perovich","year":"2017","unstructured":"Perovich, D., Polashenski, C., Arntsen, A. & Stwertka, C. Anatomy of a late spring snowfall on sea ice. Geophys. Res. Lett. 44, 2802\u20132809 (2017).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"45574_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1002\/grl.50517","volume":"40","author":"SR Hudson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hudson, S. R. et al. Energy budget of first-year Arctic sea ice in advanced stages of melt. Geophys. Res. Lett. 40, 2679\u20132683 (2013).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"45574_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3885","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-017-3767-x","volume":"50","author":"JJ Day","year":"2018","unstructured":"Day, J. J., Holland, M. M. & Hodges, K. I. Seasonal differences in the response of Arctic cyclones to climate change in CESM1. Clim. Dyn 50, 3885\u20133903 (2018).","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn"},{"key":"45574_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hudson, S. R., Cohen, L. & Walden, V. N-ICE2015 surface meteorology [Data set]. Norwegian Polar Institute. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21334\/npolar.2015.056a61d1 (2015).","DOI":"10.21334\/npolar.2015.056a61d1"},{"key":"45574_CR82","unstructured":"Goodison, B., Louie, P. Y. T. & Yang, D. WMO solid precipitation measurement intercomparison. World Meteorological Organization, Instrum. and Obs. Methods Rep., 67, WMO\/TD no. 872, 212 pp (1998)."},{"key":"45574_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.828","volume":"137","author":"DP Dee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dee, D. P. et al. The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc 137, 553\u2013597 (2011).","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc"},{"key":"45574_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hudson, S. R., Cohen, L. & Walden, V. P. N-ICE2015 surface broadband radiation data [Data set]. Norwegian Polar Institute. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21334\/npolar.2016.a89cb766 (2016).","DOI":"10.21334\/npolar.2016.a89cb766"},{"key":"45574_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hudson, S. R. et al. N-ICE2015 atmospheric profiles from radiosondes [Data set]. Norwegian Polar Institute. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21334\/npolar.2017.216df9b3 (2017).","DOI":"10.21334\/npolar.2017.216df9b3"},{"key":"45574_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2676","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-13-00058.1","volume":"30","author":"K Jackson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jackson, K. et al. A novel and low-cost sea ice mass balance buoy. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 30, 2676\u20132688 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"45574_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7898","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JC012195","volume":"121","author":"Z Koenig","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koenig, Z., Provost, C., Villacieros-Robineau, N., Senn\u00e9chael, N. & Meyer, A. Winter ocean-ice interactions under thin sea ice observed by IAOOS platforms during N-ICE2015: Salty surface mixed layer and active basal melt. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean 121, 7898\u20137916 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"45574_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Itkin, P. et al. N-ICE2015 buoy data [Data set]. Norwegian Polar Institute. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21334\/npolar.2015.6ed9a8ca (2015).","DOI":"10.21334\/npolar.2015.6ed9a8ca"},{"key":"45574_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17882\/59709","author":"N Senn\u00e9chael","year":"2015","unstructured":"Senn\u00e9chael, N. & Provost, C. Interfaces and Ocean Heat Flux derived from SIMBA_2015a and SIMBA_2015f data during N-ICE campaign in winter 2015 [Data set]. SEANOE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17882\/59709 (2015).","journal-title":"SEANOE"},{"key":"45574_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-232X(98)00009-3","volume":"27","author":"J Launiainen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Launiainen, J. & Cheng, B. Modelling of ice thermodynamics in natural water bodies. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 27, 153\u2013178 (1998).","journal-title":"Cold Reg. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"45574_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C06014","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JC004383","volume":"113","author":"MG McPhee","year":"2008","unstructured":"McPhee, M. G., Morison, J. H. & Nilsen, F. Revisiting heat and salt exchange at the ice-ocean interface: Ocean flux and modeling considerations. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean 113, C06014 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"45574_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spreen, G., Kaleschke, L. & Heygster, G. Sea ice remote sensing using AMSR-E 89-GHz channels. 113, C02S03 (2008).","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JC003384"},{"key":"45574_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/874592","volume":"2010","author":"AP Doulgeris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Doulgeris, A. P. & Eltoft, T. Scale mixture of Gaussian modelling of polarimetric SAR data. EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process 2010, 874592 (2009).","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process"},{"key":"45574_CR94","unstructured":"Doulgeris, A. P. A Simple and Extendable Segmentation Method for Multi-Polarisation SAR Images. Proc. POLinSAR 2013, 8 pp., Frascati, Italy, 28 January - 1 February, 2013. (2013)."},{"key":"45574_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peterson, A. K. et al. N-ICE2015 Ocean turbulent fluxes from under-ice turbulence cluster (TIC) [Data set]. Norwegian Polar Institute. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21334\/npolar.2016.ab29f1e2 (2016).","DOI":"10.21334\/npolar.2016.ab29f1e2"},{"key":"45574_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Meyer, A. et al. N-ICE2015 ocean microstructure profiles (MSS90L) [Data set]. Norwegian Polar Institute. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21334\/npolar.2016.774bf6ab (2016).","DOI":"10.21334\/npolar.2016.774bf6ab"},{"key":"45574_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s000270050036","volume":"60","author":"H Prandke","year":"1998","unstructured":"Prandke, H. & Stips, A. Test measurements with an operational microstructure turbulence profiler detection limit of dissipatio~1.pdf. Aquat. Sci. 60, 191\u2013209 (1998).","journal-title":"Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"45574_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO-D-13-0133.1","volume":"44","author":"I Fer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fer, I. Near-Inertial Mixing in the Central Arctic Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 44, 2031\u20132049 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"45574_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fransson, A. & Chierici, M. Surface water under ice fCO2 data during N-ICE2015 [Data set]. Norwegian Polar Institute, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21334\/npolar.2018.0ef2bcd9 (2018).","DOI":"10.21334\/npolar.2018.0ef2bcd9"},{"key":"45574_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2008.12.005","volume":"56","author":"D Pierrot","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pierrot, D. et al. Recommendations for autonomous underway pCO2measuring systems and data-reduction routines. Deep. Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr 56, 512\u2013522 (2009).","journal-title":"Deep. Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr"},{"key":"45574_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15,669","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JC900100","volume":"104","author":"CM Bitz","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bitz, C. M. & Lipscomb, W. H. An energy-conserving thermodynamic model of sea ice. J. Geophys. Res. Ocean 104, 15,669\u201315,677 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean"},{"key":"45574_CR102","unstructured":"Tonboe, R., Pfeiffer, R.-H., Jensen, M. B., Howe, E. & Eastwood, S. Validation Report for Global Sea Ice Concentration Reprocessing EUMETSAT OSISAF Products OSI-409, OSI-409a and OSI-430, Document version 2.0. 30 pp (2015)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-45574-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-45574-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-45574-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]],"date-time":"2024-07-20T06:39:39Z","timestamp":1721457579000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-45574-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["45574"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-45574-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 December 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 June 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 June 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"9222"}}