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On coral reefs, most fishes engage in cooperative interactions with cleaners fishes, where they benefit from ectoparasite reduction and ultimately stress relief. Furthermore, such interactions elicit beneficial effects on clients\u2019 ecophysiology. However, the potential effects of future ocean warming (OW) and acidification (OA) on these charismatic associations are unknown. Here we show that a 45-day acclimation period to OW (+3\u2009\u00b0C) and OA (980 \u03bcatm pCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) decreased interactions between cleaner wrasses (<jats:italic>Labroides dimidiatus<\/jats:italic>) and clients (<jats:italic>Naso elegans<\/jats:italic>). Cleaners also invested more in the interactions by providing tactile stimulation under OA. Although this form of investment is typically used by cleaners to prolong interactions and reconcile after cheating, interaction time and client jolt rate (a correlate of dishonesty) were not affected by any stressor. In both partners, the dopaminergic (in all brain regions) and serotoninergic (forebrain) systems were significantly altered by these stressors. On the other hand, in cleaners, the interaction with warming ameliorated dopaminergic and serotonergic responses to OA. Dopamine and serotonin correlated positively with motivation to interact and cleaners interaction investment (tactile stimulation). We advocate that such neurobiological changes associated with cleaning behaviour may affect the maintenance of community structures on coral reefs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49086-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,4]],"date-time":"2019-09-04T10:04:31Z","timestamp":1567591471000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Neurobiological and behavioural responses of cleaning mutualisms to ocean warming and acidification"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1729-7256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Ricardo","family":"Paula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1048-8009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Repolho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria Rita","family":"Pegado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Per-Ove","family":"Th\u00f6rnqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Regina","family":"Bispo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Svante","family":"Winberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Philip L.","family":"Munday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2801-5178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"49086_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2010.01538.x","volume":"13","author":"E Toby Kiers","year":"2010","unstructured":"Toby Kiers, E., Palmer, T. 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