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Despite sporadic reports of <jats:italic>MAP<\/jats:italic> occurrence in non-ruminants, information on the risk factors predisposing for infection is still scarce and evidence of transmission paths linking the livestock-wildlife-environment interfaces also remains lacking. In this study, we predicted that environmental, host-related, land use and human driven disturbance factors would modulate carnivore exposure to <jats:italic>MAP<\/jats:italic>. To test these hypotheses, we performed a retrospective survey, based on microbiological and molecular methods, in mainland Portugal including five sympatric species from the <jats:italic>Herpestidae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Canidae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Viverridae<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Mustelidae<\/jats:italic> families (n\u2009=\u2009202) and examined 16 variables as putative predictors of <jats:italic>MAP<\/jats:italic> occurrence. Molecular evidence of <jats:italic>MAP<\/jats:italic> using IS<jats:italic>900<\/jats:italic> as proxy was demonstrated in 7.43% (95%CI: 4.55\u201311.9) of surveyed carnivores, the highest proportions being registered for red fox (<jats:italic>Vulpes vulpes<\/jats:italic>) (10%; 95%CI: 4.0\u201323) and Egyptian mongoose (<jats:italic>Herpestes ichneumon<\/jats:italic>) (6.0%; 95%CI: 3.2\u201311). We demonstrate that important species of the Mediterranean carnivore guild, such as stone marten (<jats:italic>Martes foina<\/jats:italic>) and common genet (<jats:italic>Genetta genetta<\/jats:italic>), may also be exposed to <jats:italic>MAP<\/jats:italic>, being this the first time that occurrence in genet is reported. The high proportion of DNA-positive specimens, concurrent with the apparent lack of gastro-enteric lesions and molecular confirmation of IS<jats:italic>900<\/jats:italic> in feces, argue for the presence of subclinical carriers that occasionally shed bacteria, potentially aiding as source of infection to susceptible species and possibly contributing for environmental contamination. Achievement of <jats:italic>MAP<\/jats:italic> isolation would prove beyond any doubt that <jats:italic>MAP<\/jats:italic> is present in this wildlife population. Ecological modelling results suggested that the probability of <jats:italic>MAP<\/jats:italic> infection using IS<jats:italic>900<\/jats:italic> as proxy in mongoose is positively associated with higher altitude and temperature stability, as well as with lower annual rainfall. Density of livestock farms was found not to be a significant predictor, which may indicate that the livestock-wildlife interface is probably not important as an infection route for mongoose.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57679-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]],"date-time":"2020-01-21T11:02:51Z","timestamp":1579604571000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Ecological drivers of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis detection in mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon) using IS900 as proxy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"M\u00f3nica V.","family":"Cunha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4186-7332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu\u00eds Miguel","family":"Rosalino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C\u00e9lia","family":"Le\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Bandeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Botelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9250-7842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana C.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"57679_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-40-3-254","volume":"40","author":"MF Thorel","year":"1990","unstructured":"Thorel, M. 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