{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T01:37:25Z","timestamp":1775525845651,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]],"date-time":"2020-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603843200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]],"date-time":"2020-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010446","name":"Institute for Basic Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["IBS-R012-D1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IBS-R012-D1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010446","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>With the recent advances in ultrahigh intensity lasers, exotic astrophysical phenomena can be investigated in laboratory environments. Collisionless shock in a plasma, prevalent in astrophysical events, is produced when a strong electric or electromagnetic force induces a shock structure in a time scale shorter than the collision time of charged particles. A near-critical-density (NCD) plasma, generated with an intense femtosecond laser, can be utilized to excite a collisionless shock due to its efficient and rapid energy absorption. We present electrostatic shock acceleration (ESA) in experiments performed with a high-density helium gas jet, containing a small fraction of hydrogen, irradiated with a 30\u00a0fs, petawatt laser. The onset of ESA exhibited a strong dependence on plasma density, consistent with the result of particle-in-cell simulations on relativistic plasma dynamics. The mass-dependent ESA in the NCD plasma, confirmed by the preferential reflection of only protons with two times the shock velocity, opens a new possibility of selective acceleration of ions by electrostatic shock.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75455-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]],"date-time":"2020-10-28T11:24:39Z","timestamp":1603884279000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Electrostatic shock acceleration of ions in near-critical-density plasma driven by a femtosecond petawatt laser"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Prashant Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vishwa Bandhu","family":"Pathak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jung Hun","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Il Woo","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kazuhisa","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Seong Ku","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jae Hee","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hwang Woon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yong Joo","family":"Rhee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Constantin","family":"Aniculaesei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chul Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ki Hong","family":"Pae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Myung Hoon","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Calin","family":"Hojbota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Seong Geun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Mollica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Malka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chang-Mo","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hyung Taek","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chang Hee","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"75455_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1086\/308038","volume":"526","author":"MV Medvedev","year":"1999","unstructured":"Medvedev, M. V. & Loeb, A. Generation of magnetic fields in the relativistic shock of gamma-ray burst sources. Astrophys. J. 526, 697\u2013706 (1999).","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"75455_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L75","DOI":"10.1086\/427921","volume":"618","author":"MV Medvedev","year":"2005","unstructured":"Medvedev, M. V., Fiore, M., Fonseca, R. A., Silva, L. O. & Mori, W. B. Long-time evolution of magnetic fields in relativistic gamma-ray burst shocks. Astrophys. J. 618, L75\u2013L78 (2005).","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"75455_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L121","DOI":"10.1086\/379156","volume":"596","author":"LO Silva","year":"2003","unstructured":"Silva, L. O. et al. Interpenetrating plasma shells: Near-equipartition magnetic field generation and nonthermal particle acceleration. Astrophys. J. 596, L121\u2013L124 (2003).","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"75455_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.2.83","volume":"2","author":"ES Weibel","year":"1959","unstructured":"Weibel, E. S. Spontaneously growing transverse waves in a plasma due to an anisotropic velocity distribution. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2, 83\u201384 (1959).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"75455_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.25.1699","volume":"25","author":"DW Forslund","year":"1970","unstructured":"Forslund, D. W. & Shonk, C. R. Formation and structure of electrostatic collisionless shocks. Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 1699 (1970).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"75455_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"015002","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.92.015002","volume":"92","author":"LO Silva","year":"2004","unstructured":"Silva, L. O. et al. Proton shock acceleration in laser-plasma interactions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 015002 (2004).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"75455_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215001","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.109.215001","volume":"109","author":"F Fiuza","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fiuza, F. et al. Laser-driven shock acceleration of monoenergetic ion beams. Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 215001 (2012).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"75455_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"056304","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4801526","volume":"20","author":"F Fiuza","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fiuza, F. et al. Ion acceleration from laser-driven electrostatic shocks. Phys. Plasmas 20, 056304 (2013).","journal-title":"Phys. Plasmas"},{"key":"75455_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys2130","volume":"8","author":"D Haberberger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Haberberger, D. et al. Collisionless shocks in laser-produced plasma generate monoenergetic high-energy proton beams. Nat. Phys. 8, 95\u201399 (2012).","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"75455_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103401","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevAccelBeams.21.103401","volume":"21","author":"A Pak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pak, A. et al. Collisionless shock acceleration of narrow energy spread ion beams from mixed species plasmas using 1\u00a0\u03bcm lasers. Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 21, 103401 (2018).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams"},{"key":"75455_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tochitsky, S. et al. Laser-driven collisionless shock acceleration of ions from near-critical plasmas. arXiv:2006.06892 [physics.plasm-ph] (2020).","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5144446"},{"key":"75455_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"014801","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.106.014801","volume":"106","author":"CAJ Palmer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Palmer, C. A. J. et al. Monoenergetic proton beams accelerated by a radiation pressure driven shock. Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 014801 (2011).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"75455_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164801","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.119.164801","volume":"119","author":"H Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang, H. et al. Collisionless shock acceleration of high-flux quasimonoenergetic proton beams driven by circularly polarized laser pulses. Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 164801 (2017).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"75455_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245002","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.96.245002","volume":"96","author":"L Willingale","year":"2006","unstructured":"Willingale, L. et al. Collimated multi-MeV ion beams from high-intensity laser interactions with underdense plasma. Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 245002 (2006).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"75455_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13505","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12910-6","volume":"7","author":"SN Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen, S. N. et al. Collimated protons accelerated from an overdense gas jet irradiated by a 1\u00a0\u03bcm wavelength high-intensity short-pulse laser. Sci. Rep. 7, 13505 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"75455_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022377811000602","volume":"78","author":"N Lemos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lemos, N. et al. Forward directed ion acceleration in a LWFA with ionization-induced injection. J. Plasma Phys. 78, 327\u2013331 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Plasma Phys."},{"key":"75455_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys3178","volume":"11","author":"CM Huntington","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huntington, C. M. et al. Observation of magnetic field generation via the Weibel instability in interpenetrating plasma flows. Nat. Phys. 11, 173\u2013176 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"75455_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-020-0919-4","author":"F Fiuza","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fiuza, F. et al. Electron acceleration in laboratory-produced turbulent collisionless shocks. Nat. Phys. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41567-020-0919-4 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"75455_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.1063\/1.873242","volume":"6","author":"A Pukhov","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pukhov, A., Sheng, Z. M. & Meyer-ter-Vehn, J. Particle acceleration in relativistic laser channels. Phys. Plasmas 6, 2847\u20132854 (1999).","journal-title":"Phys. Plasmas"},{"key":"75455_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1063\/1.873470","volume":"6","author":"AJ Mackinnon","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mackinnon, A. J. et al. Intense laser pulse propagation and channel formation through plasmas relevant for the fast ignitor scheme. Phys. Plasmas 6, 2185\u20132197 (1999).","journal-title":"Phys. Plasmas"},{"key":"75455_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1134\/1.567605","volume":"66","author":"GS Sarkisov","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sarkisov, G. S. et al. Observation of the plasma channel dynamics and Coulomb explosion in the interaction of a high-intensity laser pulse with a He gas jet. JETP Lett. 66, 828\u2013834 (1997).","journal-title":"JETP Lett."},{"key":"75455_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.83.737","volume":"83","author":"K Krushelnick","year":"1999","unstructured":"Krushelnick, K. et al. Multi-MeV ion production from high-intensity laser interactions with underdense plasmas. Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 737\u2013740 (1999).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"75455_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155003","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.93.155003","volume":"93","author":"MS Wei","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wei, M. S. et al. Ion acceleration by collisionless shocks in high-intensity-laser-underdense-plasma interaction. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 155003 (2004).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"75455_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115003","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.108.115003","volume":"108","author":"F Sylla","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sylla, F. et al. Anticorrelation between ion acceleration and nonlinear coherent structures from laser-underdense plasma interaction. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 115003 (2012).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"75455_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"033031","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/16\/3\/033031","volume":"16","author":"A Lifschitz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lifschitz, A. et al. Ion acceleration in underdense plasmas by ultra-short laser pulses. New J. Phys. 16, 033031 (2014).","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"75455_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31647","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31647","volume":"6","author":"S Kahaly","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kahaly, S. et al. Detailed experimental study of ion acceleration by interaction of an ultra-short intense laser with an underdense plasma. Sci. Rep. 6, 31647 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"75455_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"B71","DOI":"10.1088\/0741-3335\/49\/12B\/S05","volume":"49","author":"A Macchi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Macchi, A. et al. Ion dynamics and coherent structure formation following laser pulse self-channeling. Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 49, B71\u2013B78 (2007).","journal-title":"Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion"},{"key":"75455_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54","DOI":"10.1017\/hpl.2019.36","volume":"7","author":"CN Danson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Danson, C. N. et al. Petawatt and exawatt class lasers worldwide. High Power Laser Sci. Eng. 7, e54 (2019).","journal-title":"High Power Laser Sci. Eng."},{"key":"75455_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.35.003021","volume":"35","author":"JH Sung","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sung, J. H., Lee, S. K., Yu, T. J., Jeong, T. M. & Lee, J. 0.1 Hz 1.0 PW Ti:sapphire laser. Opt. Lett. 35, 3021 (2010).","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"75455_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124034","DOI":"10.1088\/0741-3335\/50\/12\/124034","volume":"50","author":"RA Fonseca","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fonseca, R. A. et al. One-to-one direct modeling of experiments and astrophysical scenarios: Pushing the envelope on kinetic plasma simulations. Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 50, 124034 (2008).","journal-title":"Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion"},{"key":"75455_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fonseca, R. A. et al. OSIRIS: A three-dimensional, fully relativistic particle in cell code for modeling plasma based accelerators. In Computational Science \u2014 ICCS 2002. ICCS 2002. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (ed Sloot, P. M. A., Hoekstra, A. G., Tan, C. J. K., Dongarra, J. J.) vol 2331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/3-540-47789-6_36 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2002).","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-47789-6_36"},{"key":"75455_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3934","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03934","volume":"4","author":"A Stockem","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stockem, A., Fiuza, F., Bret, A., Fonseca, R. A. & Silva, L. O. Exploring the nature of collisionless shocks under laboratory conditions. Sci. Rep. 4, 3934 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"75455_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"033507","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3697859","volume":"83","author":"F Sylla","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sylla, F., Veltcheva, M., Kahaly, S., Flacco, A. & Malka, V. Development and characterization of very dense submillimetric gas jets for laser-plasma interaction. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 83, 033507 (2012).","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"75455_CR34","first-page":"20","volume":"14","author":"LI Pivovar","year":"1962","unstructured":"Pivovar, L. I., Tabuev, V. M. & Novikov, M. T. Electron loss and capture by 200\u20131500 kev helium ions in various gases. Sov. Phys. JETP 14, 20 (1962).","journal-title":"Sov. Phys. JETP"},{"key":"75455_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1063\/1.866349","volume":"30","author":"G-Z Sun","year":"1987","unstructured":"Sun, G.-Z., Ott, E., Lee, Y. C. & Guzdar, P. Self-focusing of short intense pulses in plasmas. Phys. Fluids 30, 526 (1987).","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"75455_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"024005","DOI":"10.1088\/0741-3335\/51\/2\/024005","volume":"51","author":"A Macchi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Macchi, A., Ceccherini, F., Cornolti, F., Kar, S. & Borghesi, M. Electric field dynamics and ion acceleration in the self-channeling of a superintense laser pulse. Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 51, 024005 (2009).","journal-title":"Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion"},{"key":"75455_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1134\/S1063780X15040017","volume":"41","author":"VF Kovalev","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kovalev, V. F. & Bychenkov, V. Y. Dynamics of ponderomotive ion acceleration in a laser-plasma channel. Plasma Phys. Rep. 41, 343\u2013349 (2015).","journal-title":"Plasma Phys. Rep."},{"key":"75455_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.60.1298","volume":"60","author":"WB Mori","year":"1988","unstructured":"Mori, W. B., Joshi, C. & Dawson, J. M. Evolution of self-focusing of intense electromagnetic waves in plasmas. Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 1298 (1988).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"75455_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175007","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.105.175007","volume":"105","author":"G Sarri","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sarri, G. et al. Observation of postsoliton expansion following laser propagation through an underdense plasma. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 175007 (2010).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"75455_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1134\/1.1925787","volume":"31","author":"SV Bulanov","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bulanov, S. V., Dylov, D. V., Esirkepov, T. Z., Kamenets, F. F. & Sokolov, D. V. Ion acceleration in a dipole vortex in a laser plasma corona. Plasma Phys. Rep. 31, 369\u2013381 (2005).","journal-title":"Plasma Phys. Rep."},{"key":"75455_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135002","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.105.135002","volume":"105","author":"T Nakamura","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nakamura, T., Bulanov, S. V., Esirkepov, T. Z. & Kando, M. High-energy ions from near-critical density plasmas via magnetic vortex acceleration. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 135002 (2010).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"75455_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205006","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.100.205006","volume":"100","author":"T Nakamura","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nakamura, T. & Mima, K. Magnetic-dipole vortex generation by propagation of ultraintense and ultrashort laser pulses in moderate-density plasmas. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 205006 (2008).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-75455-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-75455-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-75455-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T22:03:24Z","timestamp":1670364204000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-020-75455-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["75455"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-75455-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 February 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 September 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 October 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"18452"}}