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Therefore, the present study was designed to test the rumen protective effects of <jats:italic>N. oceanica<\/jats:italic> in lambs. Twenty-eight lambs were assigned to one of four diets: Control (C); and C diets supplemented with: 1.2% <jats:italic>Nannochloropsis<\/jats:italic> sp. oil (O); 12.3% spray-dried <jats:italic>N. oceanica<\/jats:italic> (SD); or 9.2% <jats:italic>N. oceanica<\/jats:italic> (FD), to achieve 3\u00a0g EPA \/kg dry matter. Lambs were slaughtered after 3\u00a0weeks and digestive contents and ruminal wall samples were collected. EPA concentration in the rumen of lambs fed FD was about 50% higher than lambs fed SD or O diets. Nevertheless, the high levels of EPA in cecum and faeces of animals fed <jats:italic>N. oceanica<\/jats:italic> biomass, independently of the drying method, suggests that EPA was not completely released and absorbed in the small intestine. Furthermore, supplementation with EPA sources also affected the ruminal biohydrogenation of C18 fatty acids, mitigating the shift from the <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>10 biohydrogenation pathways to the <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>11 pathways compared to the Control diet. Overall, our results demonstrate that FD <jats:italic>N. oceanica<\/jats:italic> biomass is a natural rumen-protected source of EPA to ruminants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01255-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T11:04:23Z","timestamp":1636369463000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Freeze-dried Nannochloropsis oceanica biomass protects eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) from metabolization in the rumen of lambs"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ana C. 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