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Subtype C accounts for most of the HIV-1 infections in the world but has been mainly localized in Southern Africa, Ethiopia and India. For elusive reasons, South Brazil harbors the largest HIV-1 subtype C epidemic in the American continent that is elsewhere dominated by subtype B. To investigate this topic, we collected clinical data and viral sequences from 2611 treatment-na\u00efve patients diagnosed with HIV-1 in Brazil. Molecular epidemiology analysis supported 35 well-delimited transmission clusters of subtype C highlighting transmission within South Brazil but also from the South to all other Brazilian regions and internationally. Individuals infected with subtype C had lower probability to be deficient in CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u2009T cells when compared to subtype B. The HIV-1 epidemics in the South was characterized by high female-to-male infection ratios and women-to-child transmission. Our results suggest that HIV-1 subtype C probably takes advantage of longer asymptomatic periods to maximize transmission and is unlikely to outcompete subtype B in settings where the infection of women is relatively less relevant. This study contributes to elucidate factors possibly underlying the geographical distribution and expansion patterns of the most spread HIV-1 subtypes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02428-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T11:02:58Z","timestamp":1638183778000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Evolutionary dynamics of HIV-1 subtype C in Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Bernardino","family":"Souto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Triunfante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Santos-Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro M. 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