{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T03:52:40Z","timestamp":1767153160610,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639008000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia FCT Grants","award":["IF\/00787\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF\/00787\/2014"]}]},{"name":"European Commission Seventh Framework Programme Marie Curie Career Integration Grant","award":["FP7-PEOPLE-2013-CIG-631952"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FP7-PEOPLE-2013-CIG-631952"]}]},{"name":"Bial Foundation Psychophysiology Grant","award":["292\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["292\/16"]}]},{"name":"iMM Lisboa Director\u2019s Fund Breakthrough Idea Grant 2016"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Deciding whether others\u2019 emotions are genuine is essential for successful communication and social relationships. While previous fMRI studies suggested that differentiation between authentic and acted emotional expressions involves higher-order brain areas, the time course of authenticity discrimination is still unknown. To address this gap, we tested the impact of authenticity discrimination on event-related potentials (ERPs) related to emotion, motivational salience, and higher-order cognitive processing (N100, P200 and late positive complex, the LPC), using vocalised non-verbal expressions of sadness (crying) and happiness (laughter) in a 32-participant, within-subject study. Using a repeated measures 2-factor (authenticity, emotion) ANOVA, we show that N100\u2019s amplitude was larger in response to authentic than acted vocalisations, particularly in cries, while P200\u2019s was larger in response to acted vocalisations, particularly in laughs. We suggest these results point to two different mechanisms: (1) a larger N100 in response to authentic vocalisations is consistent with its link to emotional content and arousal (putatively larger amplitude for genuine emotional expressions); (2) a larger P200 in response to acted ones is in line with evidence relating it to motivational salience (putatively larger for ambiguous emotional expressions). Complementarily, a significant main effect of emotion was found on P200 and LPC amplitudes, in that the two were larger for laughs than cries, regardless of authenticity. Overall, we provide the first electroencephalographic examination of authenticity discrimination and propose that authenticity processing of others\u2019 vocalisations is initiated early, along that of their emotional content or category, attesting for its evolutionary relevance for trust and bond formation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03131-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T06:12:09Z","timestamp":1639030329000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The neural basis of authenticity recognition in laughter and crying"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Maciej","family":"Kosilo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Helen E.","family":"Nuttall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Men\u00e9res","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Pestana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Jer\u00f3nimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Prata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"3131_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2005.06.004","volume":"14","author":"RJR Blair","year":"2005","unstructured":"Blair, R. J. R. Responding to the emotions of others: Dissociating forms of empathy through the study of typical and psychiatric populations. Conscious. Cogn. 14, 698\u2013718 (2005).","journal-title":"Conscious. Cogn."},{"key":"3131_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JADD.0000022607.19833.00","volume":"34","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen, S. & Wheelwright, S. The empathy quotient: An investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 34, 163\u2013175 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"3131_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.44.1.113","volume":"44","author":"MH Davis","year":"1983","unstructured":"Davis, M. H. Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 44, 113\u2013126 (1983).","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"3131_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1080\/17405629.2018.1444987","volume":"16","author":"J Bos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bos, J. & Stokes, M. A. Cognitive empathy moderates the relationship between affective empathy and wellbeing in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Eur. J. Dev. Psychol. 16, 433\u2013446 (2019).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"3131_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858410379268","volume":"17","author":"SG Shamay-Tsoory","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. The neural bases for empathy. Neuroscientist 17, 18\u201324 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"3131_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579414001199","volume":"26","author":"EB Tone","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tone, E. B. & Tully, E. C. Empathy as a \u2018risky strength\u2019: A multilevel examination of empathy and risk for internalizing disorders. Dev. Psychopathol. 26, 1547\u20131565 (2014).","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"3131_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2006.2000","volume":"362","author":"H Moll","year":"2007","unstructured":"Moll, H. & Tomasello, M. Cooperation and human cognition: The Vygotskian intelligence hypothesis. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 362, 639\u2013648 (2007).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"3131_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00090","volume":"9","author":"J Panksepp","year":"2000","unstructured":"Panksepp, J. The riddle of laughter. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 9, 183\u2013186 (2000).","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"3131_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1086\/498281","volume":"80","author":"M Gervais","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gervais, M. & Wilson, D. S. The evolution and functions of laughter and humor: A synthetic approach. Q. R. Biol. 80, 395\u2013430 (2005).","journal-title":"Q. R. Biol."},{"key":"3131_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-019-09771-z","volume":"43","author":"M Stadel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stadel, M., Daniels, J. K., Warrens, M. J. & Jeronimus, B. F. The gender-specific impact of emotional tears. Motiv. Emot. 43, 696\u2013704 (2019).","journal-title":"Motiv. Emot."},{"key":"3131_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00597","volume":"3","author":"G Simons","year":"2013","unstructured":"Simons, G., Bruder, M., Van der L\u00f6we, I. & Parkinson, B. Why try (not) to cry: Intra- and inter-personal motives for crying regulation. Front. Psychol. 3, 597 (2013).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"3131_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1037\/h0093950","volume":"36","author":"LT Brinke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brinke, L. T., MacDonald, S., Porter, S. & O\u2019Connor, B. Crocodile tears: Facial, verbal and body language behaviours associated with genuine and fabricated remorse. Law Hum. Behav. 36, 51\u201359 (2012).","journal-title":"Law Hum. Behav."},{"key":"3131_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2013.04.005","volume":"36","author":"H Nakayama","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nakayama, H. Changes in the affect of infants before and after episodes of crying. Infant Behav. Dev. 36, 507\u2013512 (2013).","journal-title":"Infant Behav. Dev."},{"key":"3131_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2016.1226370","volume":"70","author":"N Lavan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lavan, N. & McGettigan, C. Increased discriminability of authenticity from multimodal laughter is driven by auditory information. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. (Hove) 70, 2159\u20132168 (2017).","journal-title":"Q. J. Exp. Psychol. (Hove)"},{"key":"3131_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-013-0324-3","volume":"45","author":"CF Lima","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lima, C. F., Castro, S. L. & Scott, S. K. When voices get emotional: A corpus of nonverbal vocalizations for research on emotion processing. Behav. Res. Methods 45, 1234\u20131245 (2013).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"3131_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.09.002","volume":"18","author":"SK Scott","year":"2014","unstructured":"Scott, S. K., Lavan, N., Chen, S. & McGettigan, C. The social life of laughter. Trends Cogn. Sci. 18, 618\u2013620 (2014).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"3131_CR17","first-page":"622","volume":"71","author":"A Anikin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anikin, A. & Lima, C. F. Perceptual and acoustic differences between authentic and acted nonverbal emotional vocalizations. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 71, 622\u2013641 (2018).","journal-title":"Q. J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"3131_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2014.03.003","volume":"35","author":"GA Bryant","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bryant, G. A. & Aktipis, C. A. The animal nature of spontaneous human laughter. Evol. Hum. Behav. 35, 327\u2013335 (2014).","journal-title":"Evol. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"3131_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10919-015-0222-8","volume":"40","author":"N Lavan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lavan, N., Scott, S. K. & McGettigan, C. Laugh like you mean it: Authenticity modulates acoustic, physiological and perceptual properties of laughter. J. Nonverbal Behav. 40, 133\u2013149 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Nonverbal Behav."},{"key":"3131_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht227","volume":"25","author":"C McGettigan","year":"2015","unstructured":"McGettigan, C. et al. Individual differences in laughter perception reveal roles for mentalizing and sensorimotor systems in the evaluation of emotional authenticity. Cereb. Cortex 25, 246\u2013257 (2015).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"3131_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2016.12.012","volume":"95","author":"N Lavan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lavan, N., Rankin, G., Lorking, N., Scott, S. & McGettigan, C. Neural correlates of the affective properties of spontaneous and volitional laughter types. Neuropsychologia 95, 30\u201339 (2017).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"3131_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-818X.2010.00267.x","volume":"5","author":"SA Kotz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kotz, S. A. & Paulmann, S. Emotion, language, and the brain. Linguist. Lang. Compass 5, 108\u2013125 (2011).","journal-title":"Linguist. Lang. Compass"},{"key":"3131_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.11.009","volume":"10","author":"A Schirmer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Schirmer, A. & Kotz, S. A. Beyond the right hemisphere: Brain mechanisms mediating vocal emotional processing. Trends Cogn. Sci. 10, 24\u201330 (2006).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"3131_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsx020","volume":"12","author":"A Schirmer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schirmer, A. & Gunter, T. C. Temporal signatures of processing voiceness and emotion in sound. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 12, 902\u2013909 (2017).","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"3131_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.06.035","volume":"58","author":"S Jessen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jessen, S. & Kotz, S. A. The temporal dynamics of processing emotions from vocal, facial, and bodily expressions. Neuroimage 58, 665\u2013674 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"3131_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00033","author":"SBRE Brown","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brown, S. B. R. E., van Steenbergen, H., Band, G. P. H., de Rover, M. & Nieuwenhuis, S. Functional significance of the emotion-related late positive potential. Front. Hum. Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00033 (2012).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"3131_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1080\/17470919.2016.1162194","volume":"12","author":"M Otten","year":"2017","unstructured":"Otten, M., Mann, L., van Berkum, J. J. A. & Jonas, K. J. No laughing matter: How the presence of laughing witnesses changes the perception of insults. Soc. Neurosci. 12, 182\u2013193 (2017).","journal-title":"Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"3131_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00422","volume":"8","author":"E Salvia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Salvia, E. et al. Single-subject analyses of magnetoencephalographic evoked responses to the acoustic properties of affective non-verbal vocalizations. Front. Neurosci. 8, 422 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"3131_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12959","volume":"54","author":"DR Brown","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brown, D. R. & Cavanagh, J. F. The sound and the fury: Late positive potential is sensitive to sound affect. Psychophysiology 54, 1812 (2017).","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"3131_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsy100","volume":"14","author":"N Burra","year":"2019","unstructured":"Burra, N., Kerzel, D., Munoz Tord, D., Grandjean, D. & Ceravolo, L. Early spatial attention deployment toward and away from aggressive voices. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 14, 73\u201380 (2019).","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"3131_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nss094","volume":"8","author":"P Garrido-V\u00e1squez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Garrido-V\u00e1squez, P. et al. An ERP study of vocal emotion processing in asymmetric Parkinson\u2019s disease. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 8, 918\u2013927 (2013).","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"3131_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/17470910903135668","volume":"5","author":"S Paulmann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Paulmann, S., Seifert, S. & Kotz, S. A. Orbito-frontal lesions cause impairment during late but not early emotional prosodic processing. Soc. Neurosci. 5, 59\u201375 (2010).","journal-title":"Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"3131_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e3282f454db","volume":"19","author":"S Paulmann","year":"2008","unstructured":"Paulmann, S. & Kotz, S. A. Early emotional prosody perception based on different speaker voices. NeuroReport 19, 209\u2013213 (2008).","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"3131_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-012-0132-8","volume":"13","author":"A Schirmer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schirmer, A., Chen, C. B., Ching, A., Tan, L. & Hong, R. Y. Vocal emotions influence verbal memory: Neural correlates and interindividual differences. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 13, 80\u201393 (2013).","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"3131_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1159\/000259253","volume":"2","author":"M Hyde","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hyde, M. The N1 response and its applications. Audiol. Neurotol. 2, 281\u2013307 (1997).","journal-title":"Audiol. Neurotol."},{"key":"3131_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1250\/ast.35.229","volume":"35","author":"GB Remijn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Remijn, G. B., Hasuo, E., Fujihira, H. & Morimoto, S. An introduction to the measurement of auditory event-related potentials (ERPs). Acoust. Sci. Technol. 35, 229\u2013242 (2014).","journal-title":"Acoust. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"3131_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1987.tb00311.x","volume":"24","author":"R N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen","year":"1987","unstructured":"N\u00e4\u00e4t\u00e4nen, R. & Picton, T. The N1 wave of the human electric and magnetic response to sound: A review and an analysis of the component structure. Psychophysiology 24, 375\u2013425 (1987).","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"3131_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02937.x","volume":"18","author":"C Escera","year":"2003","unstructured":"Escera, C., Yago, E., Corral, M. J., Corbera, S. & Nu\u00f1ez, M. I. Attention capture by auditory significant stimuli: Semantic analysis follows attention switching. Eur. J. Neurosci. 18, 2408\u20132412 (2003).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"3131_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2017.10.025","volume":"106","author":"TM Moore","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moore, T. M., Key, A. P., Thelen, A. & Hornsby, B. W. Y. Neural mechanisms of mental fatigue elicited by sustained auditory processing. Neuropsychologia 106, 371\u2013382 (2017).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"3131_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e32834ea757","volume":"23","author":"T Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu, T. et al. Electrophysiological insights into processing nonverbal emotional vocalizations. NeuroReport 23, 108\u2013112 (2012).","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"3131_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000466","volume":"26","author":"P Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang, P., Pan, Z., Liu, X. & Chen, X. Emotional intensity modulates vocal emotion decoding in a late stage of processing: An event-related potential study. NeuroReport 26, 1051\u20131055 (2015).","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"3131_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171200133X","volume":"43","author":"AP Pinheiro","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pinheiro, A. P. et al. Sensory-based and higher-order operations contribute to abnormal emotional prosody processing in schizophrenia: An electrophysiological investigation. Psychol. Med. 43, 603\u2013618 (2013).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"3131_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2013.06.025","volume":"89","author":"JM Iredale","year":"2013","unstructured":"Iredale, J. M., Rushby, J. A., McDonald, S., Dimoska-Di Marco, A. & Swift, J. Emotion in voice matters: Neural correlates of emotional prosody perception. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 89, 483\u2013490 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"3131_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.10.042","volume":"152","author":"AP Pinheiro","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pinheiro, A. P. et al. Abnormalities in the processing of emotional prosody from single words in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 152, 235\u2013241 (2014).","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"3131_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2015.08.008","volume":"111","author":"MD Pell","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pell, M. D. et al. Preferential decoding of emotion from human non-linguistic vocalizations versus speech prosody. Biol. Psychol. 111, 14\u201325 (2015).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"3131_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00345","volume":"4","author":"S Paulmann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Paulmann, S., Bleichner, M. & Kotz, S. A. Valence, arousal, and task effects in emotional prosody processing. Front. Psychol. 4, 345 (2013).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"3131_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.02.002","volume":"66","author":"X Jiang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jiang, X. & Pell, M. D. On how the brain decodes vocal cues about speaker confidence. Cortex 66, 9\u201334 (2015).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"3131_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2015.12.003","volume":"153\u2013154","author":"AP Pinheiro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pinheiro, A. P. et al. Did you or I say pretty, rude or brief? An ERP study of the effects of speaker\u2019s identity on emotional word processing. Brain Lang. 153\u2013154, 38\u201349 (2016).","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"3131_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-011-0207-9","volume":"25","author":"M Latinus","year":"2012","unstructured":"Latinus, M. & Taylor, M. J. Discriminating male and female voices: Differentiating pitch and gender. Brain Topogr. 25, 194\u2013204 (2012).","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"3131_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0132947","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132947","volume":"10","author":"S Wickens","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wickens, S. & Perry, C. What do you mean by that?! An Electrophysiological study of emotional and attitudinal prosody. PLoS ONE 10, e0132947 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3131_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1080\/17470919.2016.1144646","volume":"12","author":"R Jer\u00f3nimo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jer\u00f3nimo, R., Volpert, H. I. & Bartholow, B. D. Event-related potentials reveal early attention bias for negative, unexpected behavior. Soc. Neurosci. 12, 232\u2013236 (2017).","journal-title":"Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"3131_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.04.022","volume":"1565","author":"S Rigoulot","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rigoulot, S., Fish, K. & Pell, M. D. Neural correlates of inferring speaker sincerity from white lies: An event-related potential source localization study. Brain Res. 1565, 48\u201362 (2014).","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"3131_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1037\/h0093929","volume":"36","author":"LT Brinke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brinke, L. T. & Porter, S. Cry me a river: Identifying the behavioral consequences of extremely high-stakes interpersonal deception. Law Hum. Behav. 36, 469\u2013477 (2012).","journal-title":"Law Hum. Behav."},{"key":"3131_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14650","volume":"51","author":"AM Proverbio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Proverbio, A. M., De Benedetto, F. & Guazzone, M. Shared neural mechanisms for processing emotions in music and vocalizations. Eur. J. Neurosci. 51, 1987\u20132007 (2020).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"3131_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2018.03.008","volume":"135","author":"MM Crespo-Llado","year":"2018","unstructured":"Crespo-Llado, M. M., Vanderwert, R. E. & Geangu, E. Individual differences in infants\u2019 neural responses to their peers\u2019 cry and laughter. Biol. Psychol. 135, 117\u2013127 (2018).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"3131_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1177\/1747021817741800","volume":"71","author":"L Neves","year":"2018","unstructured":"Neves, L., Cordeiro, C., Scott, S. K., Castro, S. L. & Lima, C. F. High emotional contagion and empathy are associated with enhanced detection of emotional authenticity in laughter. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 71, 2355\u20132363 (2018).","journal-title":"Q. J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"3131_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00462","volume":"6","author":"A Dawel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dawel, A., Palermo, R., O\u2019Kearney, R. & McKone, E. Children can discriminate the authenticity of happy but not sad or fearful facial expressions, and use an immature intensity-only strategy. Front. Psychol. 6, 462 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"3131_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291703001624","volume":"34","author":"EJ Lawrence","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lawrence, E. J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-Cohen, S. & David, A. S. Measuring empathy: Reliability and validity of the empathy quotient. Psychol. Med. 34, 911\u2013919 (2004).","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"3131_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.17575\/rpsicol.v25i1.280","volume":"25","author":"J Rodrigues","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rodrigues, J. et al. Escalas de medi\u00e7\u00e3o do Quociente de Empatia\/Sistematiza\u00e7\u00e3o: Um ensaio de valida\u00e7\u00e3o para a popula\u00e7\u00e3o portuguesa. Psicologia 25, 73\u201389 (2011).","journal-title":"Psicologia"},{"key":"3131_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00715","volume":"42","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y. & Plumb, I. The \u2018Reading the mind in the eyes\u2019 test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip. 42, 241\u2013251 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip."},{"key":"3131_CR61","unstructured":"Mouga, S. & Tavares, P. Tradu\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa (Portugal) Do Reading the Mind with the Eyes Test\u2014Vers\u00e3o Adulto Revista. Retrieved March 1st, 2017. https:\/\/www.autismresearchcentre.com\/tests\/eyes-test-adult\/ (2012)."},{"key":"3131_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2006.06.009","volume":"41","author":"M Voracek","year":"2006","unstructured":"Voracek, M. & Dressler, S. G. Lack of correlation between digit ratio (2D:4D) and Baron-Cohen\u2019s \u2018reading the mind in the eyes\u2019 test, empathy, systemising, and autism-spectrum quotients in a general population sample. Pers. Individ. Diff. 41, 1481\u20131491 (2006).","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Diff."},{"key":"3131_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3448","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1011891108","volume":"108","author":"J Van Honk","year":"2011","unstructured":"Van Honk, J. et al. Testosterone administration impairs cognitive empathy in women depending on second-to-fourth digit ratio. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 3448\u20133452 (2011).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"3131_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3733","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83070-x","volume":"11","author":"G Cosme","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cosme, G. et al. Pupil dilation reflects the authenticity of received nonverbal vocalizations. Sci. Rep. 11, 3733 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"3131_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2012.10.009","volume":"81","author":"MG Calvo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Calvo, M. G., Marrero, H. & Beltr\u00e1n, D. When does the brain distinguish between genuine and ambiguous smiles? An ERP study. Brain Cogn. 81, 237\u2013246 (2013).","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"3131_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.100933","volume":"23","author":"AM Proverbio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Proverbio, A. M., Santoni, S. & Adorni, R. ERP Markers of valence coding in emotional speech processing. iScience 23, 100933 (2020).","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"3131_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2014.08.012","volume":"10","author":"Y Cheng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cheng, Y., Chen, C. & Decety, J. An EEG\/ERP investigation of the development of empathy in early and middle childhood. Dev. Cogn. Neurosci. 10, 160\u2013169 (2014).","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"3131_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13067","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3907-06.2006","volume":"26","author":"JE Warren","year":"2006","unstructured":"Warren, J. E. et al. Positive emotions preferentially engage an auditory\u2013motor \u201cmirror\u201d system. J. Neurosci. 26, 13067\u201313075 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"3131_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2014.957656","volume":"29","author":"N Lavan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lavan, N., Lima, C. F., Harvey, H., Scott, S. K. & McGettigan, C. I thought that I heard you laughing: Contextual facial expressions modulate the perception of authentic laughter and crying. Cogn. Emot. 29, 935\u2013944 (2015).","journal-title":"Cogn. Emot."},{"key":"3131_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","volume":"9","author":"RC Oldfield","year":"1971","unstructured":"Oldfield, R. C. The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia 9, 97\u2013113 (1971).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"3131_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2016.03.004","volume":"26","author":"S Radke","year":"2016","unstructured":"Radke, S. & Derntl, B. Affective responsiveness is influenced by intake of oral contraceptives. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 26, 1014\u20131019 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"3131_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2006.03.017","volume":"41","author":"A Wakabayashi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wakabayashi, A. et al. Development of short forms of the empathy quotient (EQ-Short) and the systemizing quotient (SQ-Short). Pers. Individ. Diff. 41, 929\u2013940 (2006).","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Diff."},{"key":"3131_CR73","first-page":"369","volume":"36","author":"J Pestana","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pestana, J., Men\u00e9res, S., Gouveia, M. J. & Oliveira, R. F. The reading the mind in the eyes test: A portuguese version of the adults\u2019 test. Anal. Psicol. 36, 369\u2013381 (2018).","journal-title":"Anal. Psicol."},{"key":"3131_CR74","unstructured":"Boersma, P. & Weenink, D. Praat: Doing Phonetics by Computer (2020)."},{"key":"3131_CR75","first-page":"1","volume":"36","author":"M Kleiner","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kleiner, M. et al. What\u2019s new in psychtoolbox-3. Perception 36, 1\u201316 (2007).","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"3131_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","volume":"134","author":"A Delorme","year":"2004","unstructured":"Delorme, A. & Makeig, S. EEGLAB: An open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. J. Neurosci. Methods 134, 9\u201321 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"3131_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12639","volume":"54","author":"SJ Luck","year":"2017","unstructured":"Luck, S. J. & Gaspelin, N. How to get statistically significant effects in any ERP experiment (and why you shouldn\u2019t). Psychophysiology 54, 146\u2013157 (2017).","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"3131_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2007.00618.x","volume":"45","author":"A Kiesel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kiesel, A., Miller, J., Jolic\u0153ur, P. & Brisson, B. Measurement of ERP latency differences: A comparison of single-participant and jackknife-based scoring methods. Psychophysiology 45, 250\u2013274 (2008).","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"3131_CR79","volume-title":"An Introduction to the Event-Related Potential Technique","author":"SJ Luck","year":"2014","unstructured":"Luck, S. J. An Introduction to the Event-Related Potential Technique (MIT Press, 2014)."},{"key":"3131_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2010.12.001","volume":"6","author":"JTE Richardson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Richardson, J. T. E. Eta squared and partial eta squared as measures of effect size in educational research. Educ. Res. Rev. 6, 135\u2013147 (2011).","journal-title":"Educ. Res. Rev."},{"key":"3131_CR81","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1977","unstructured":"Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (Academic Press, 1977)."},{"key":"3131_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.20982\/tqmp.01.1.p042","volume":"1","author":"D Cousineau","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cousineau, D. Confidence intervals in within-subject designs: A simpler solution to Loftus and Masson\u2019s method. Tutor. Quant. Methods for Psychol. 1, 42 (2005).","journal-title":"Tutor. Quant. Methods for Psychol."},{"key":"3131_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.20982\/tqmp.04.2.p061","volume":"4","author":"RD Morey","year":"2008","unstructured":"Morey, R. D. Confidence intervals from normalized data: A correction to cousineau. Tutor. Quant. Methods Psychol. 4, 61\u201364 (2008).","journal-title":"Tutor. Quant. Methods Psychol."},{"key":"3131_CR84","unstructured":"Campbell, R. notBoxPlot, GitHub. Retrieved July 25th, 2019. https:\/\/github.com\/raacampbell\/notBoxPlot (2020)."},{"key":"3131_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00456","volume":"8","author":"JZ Bakdash","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bakdash, J. Z. & Marusich, L. R. Repeated measures correlation. Front. Psychol. 8, 456 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"3131_CR86","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (2017)."},{"key":"3131_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12131","volume":"34","author":"RA Armstrong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Armstrong, R. A. When to use the Bonferroni correction. Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. 34, 502\u2013508 (2014).","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28360-2","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674604800000}}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-03131-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-03131-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-03131-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T07:07:43Z","timestamp":1674716863000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-03131-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3131"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-03131-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 December 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 January 2023","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-28360-2","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-28360-2","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"23750"}}