{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T20:17:29Z","timestamp":1777925849728,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]],"date-time":"2021-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614038400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]],"date-time":"2021-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["305159\/2018\u20136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["305159\/2018\u20136"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["441971\/2018\u20130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["441971\/2018\u20130"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["441971\/2018\u20130"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["441971\/2018\u20130"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E26\/202.714\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E26\/202.714\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00239\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00239\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/50019\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/50019\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00239\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00239\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Biomass burning in the Brazilian Amazon is modulated by climate factors, such as droughts, and by\u00a0human factors, such as deforestation, and land management activities. The increase in forest fires during drought years has led to the hypothesis that fire activity decoupled from deforestation during the twenty-first century. However, assessment of the hypothesis relied on an incorrect active fire dataset, which led to an underestimation of the decreasing trend in fire activity and to an inflated rank for year 2015 in terms of active fire counts. The recent correction of that database warrants a reassessment of the relationships between deforestation and fire. Contrasting with earlier findings, we show that the exacerbating effect of drought on fire season severity did not increase from 2003 to 2015 and that the record-breaking dry conditions of 2015 had the least impact on fire season of all twenty-first century severe droughts. Overall, our results for the same period used in the study that originated the fire-deforestation decoupling hypothesis (2003\u20132015) show that decoupling was clearly weaker than initially proposed. Extension of the study period up to 2019, and novel analysis of trends in fire types and fire intensity strengthened this conclusion. Therefore, the role of deforestation as a driver of fire activity in the region should not be underestimated and must be taken into account when\u00a0implementing measures to protect the Amazon forest.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82158-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]],"date-time":"2021-02-23T11:05:33Z","timestamp":1614078333000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Twenty-first century droughts have not increasingly exacerbated fire season severity in the Brazilian Amazon"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Libonati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J. M. C.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C. C.","family":"Da Camara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"L. F.","family":"Peres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"D.","family":"Oom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J. A.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"F. L. M.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"R. M.","family":"Trigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C. M. P.","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"F.","family":"Machado-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A.","family":"Enrich-Prast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J. M. N.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"82158_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2008.01786.x","volume":"15","author":"MA Cochrane","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cochrane, M. A. & Barber, C. P. Climate change, human land use and future fires in the Amazon. Glob. Chang. Biol. 15, 601\u2013612 (2009).","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"82158_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14872","volume":"26","author":"J Barlow","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barlow, J., Berenguer, E., Carmenta, R. & Fran\u00e7a, F. Clarifying Amazonia\u2019s burning crisis. Glob. Chang. Biol. 26, 319\u2013321 (2020).","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"82158_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1146961","volume":"319","author":"Y Malhi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Malhi, Y. et al. Climate change, deforestation, and the fate of the Amazon. Science 319, 169\u2013172 (2008).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"82158_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GB005445","volume":"31","author":"MJE van Marle","year":"2017","unstructured":"van Marle, M. J. E. et al. Fire and deforestation dynamics in Amazonia (1973\u20132014). Glob. Biogeochem. Cycl. 31, 24\u201338 (2017).","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycl."},{"key":"82158_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JG002914","volume":"120","author":"A Cano-Crespo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cano-Crespo, A., Oliveira, P. J. C., Boit, A., Cardoso, M. & Thonicke, K. Forest edge burning in the Brazilian Amazon promoted by escaping fires from managed pastures. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 120, 2095\u20132107 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"82158_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.16260","volume":"225","author":"SP Yanoviak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yanoviak, S. P. et al. Lightning is a major cause of large tree mortality in a lowland neotropical forest. New Phytol. 225, 1936\u20131944 (2020).","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"82158_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1111\/btp.12826","volume":"52","author":"EM Gora","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gora, E. M. & Yanoviak, S. P. Lightning-caused disturbance in the Peruvian Amazon. Biotropica 52, 813\u2013817 (2020).","journal-title":"Biotropica"},{"key":"82158_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5017","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.15227","volume":"26","author":"EM Gora","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gora, E. M., Burchfield, J. C., Muller-Landau, H. C., Bitzer, P. M. & Yanoviak, S. P. Pantropical geography of lightning-caused disturbance and its implications for tropical forests. Glob. Chang. Biol. 26, 5017\u20135026 (2020).","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"82158_CR9","first-page":"78","volume":"22","author":"J Hardesty","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hardesty, J., Myers, R. & Fulks, W. Fire, ecosystems and people: a preliminary assessment of fire as a global conservation issue. Fire Manag. 22, 78\u201387 (2005).","journal-title":"Fire Manag."},{"key":"82158_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-017-0014-8","volume":"7","author":"Y Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen, Y. et al. A pan-tropical cascade of fire driven by El Ni\u00f1o\/Southern Oscillation. Nat. Clim. Chang. 7, 906\u2013911 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"82158_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8537","volume":"6","author":"WM Jolly","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jolly, W. M. et al. Climate-induced variations in global wildfire danger from 1979 to 2013. Nat. Commun. 6, 1\u201311 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"82158_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6347","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1305499111","volume":"111","author":"PM Brando","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brando, P. M. et al. Abrupt increases in Amazonian tree mortality due to drought-fire interactions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 111, 6347\u20136352 (2014).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"82158_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1601047","volume":"3","author":"A Tyukavina","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tyukavina, A. et al. Types and rates of forest disturbance in Brazilian Legal Amazon, 2000\u20132013. Sci. Adv. 3, 1\u201316 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"82158_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5224","volume":"38","author":"JS Panisset","year":"2018","unstructured":"Panisset, J. S. et al. Contrasting patterns of the extreme drought episodes of 2005, 2010 and 2015 in the Amazon Basin. Int. J. Climatol. 38, 1096\u20131104 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"82158_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JCLI1600.1","volume":"21","author":"JA Marengo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Marengo, J. A. et al. The drought of Amazonia in 2005. J. Clim. 21, 495\u2013516 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"82158_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1002\/met.1324","volume":"19","author":"CAS Coelho","year":"2012","unstructured":"Coelho, C. A. S. et al. Climate diagnostics of three major drought events in the Amazon and illustrations of their seasonal precipitation predictions. Meteorol. Appl. 19, 237\u2013255 (2012).","journal-title":"Meteorol. Appl."},{"key":"82158_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL047436","volume":"38","author":"JA Marengo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marengo, J. A., Tomasella, J., Alves, L. M., Soares, W. R. & Rodriguez, D. A. The drought of 2010 in the context of historical droughts in the Amazon region. Geophys. Res. Lett. 38, 66 (2011).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"82158_CR18","first-page":"1374","volume":"1390","author":"RV Andreoli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Andreoli, R. V. et al. The influence of different El Ni\u00f1o types on the South American rainfall. Int. J. Climatol. 1390, 1374\u20131390 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"82158_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4155\/cmt.13.61","author":"Y Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen, Y. et al. Long-term trends and interannual variability of forest, savanna and agricultural fires in South America. Carbon Manag. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4155\/cmt.13.61 (2013).","journal-title":"Carbon Manag."},{"key":"82158_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14056","volume":"24","author":"J Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang, J. et al. Amazon drought and forest response: Largely reduced forest photosynthesis but slightly increased canopy greenness during the extreme drought of 2015\/2016. Glob. Chang. Biol. 24, 1919\u20131934 (2018).","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"82158_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05373-2","volume":"7","author":"A Erfanian","year":"2017","unstructured":"Erfanian, A., Wang, G. & Fomenko, L. Unprecedented drought over tropical South America in 2016: Significantly under-predicted by tropical SST. Sci. Rep. 7, 22\u201324 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"82158_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33130","volume":"6","author":"JC Jim\u00e9nez-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Mu\u00f1oz, J. C. et al. Record-breaking warming and extreme drought in the Amazon rainforest during the course of El Ni\u00f1o 2015\u20132016. Sci. Rep. 6, 66 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"82158_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1126\/science.243.4897.1428","volume":"243","author":"W Booth","year":"1989","unstructured":"Booth, W. & Marshall, E. Monitoring the fate of the forests from space. Science 243, 1428 (1989).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"82158_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fearnside, P. M. Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia. in The earth in transition: Patterns and processes of biotic impoverishment (ed. Woodwellm, G.) 211 (Cambridge, 1990).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511529917.013"},{"key":"82158_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"044024","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab738e","volume":"15","author":"A Staal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Staal, A. et al. Feedback between drought and deforestation in the Amazon. Environ. Res. Lett. 15, 044024 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"82158_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02771-y","volume":"9","author":"LEOC Arag\u00e3o","year":"2018","unstructured":"Arag\u00e3o, L. E. O. C. et al. 21st century drought-related fires counteract the decline of Amazon deforestation carbon emissions. Nat. Commun. 9, 1\u201312 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"82158_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2017.0308","volume":"373","author":"E Berenguer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Berenguer, E. et al. Tree growth and stem carbon accumulation in human-modified Amazonian forests following drought and fire. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 373, 66 (2018).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"82158_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2017.0301","volume":"373","author":"RA Betts","year":"2018","unstructured":"Betts, R. A. et al. A successful prediction of the record CO2 rise associated with the 2015\/2016 El Ni\u00f1o. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 373, 66 (2018).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"82158_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2931","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14709","volume":"25","author":"MG Fonseca","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fonseca, M. G. et al. Effects of climate and land-use change scenarios on fire probability during the 21st century in the Brazilian Amazon. Glob. Chang. Biol. 25, 2931\u20132946 (2019).","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"82158_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.6453","author":"JC Jimenez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jimenez, J. C. et al. The role of ENSO flavours and TNA on recent droughts over Amazon forests and the Northeast Brazil region. Int. J. Climatol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/joc.6453 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"82158_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5890","DOI":"10.1029\/2017WR021788","volume":"54","author":"LA Parsons","year":"2018","unstructured":"Parsons, L. A. et al. The threat of multi-year drought in Western Amazonia. Water Resour. Res. 54, 5890\u20135904 (2018).","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"82158_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105002","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab402f","volume":"14","author":"SW Rifai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rifai, S. W., Li, S. & Malhi, Y. Coupling of El Ni\u00f1o events and long-term warming leads to pervasive climate extremes in the terrestrial tropics. Environ. Res. Lett. 14, 105002 (2019).","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"82158_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jia, G. et al. Land\u2013climate interactions. Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2403158","DOI":"10.2307\/2403158"},{"key":"82158_CR34","unstructured":"INPE, P. M. Q. Lan\u00e7amento da \u201cBase 2\u201d de focos de queima de vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o http:\/\/queimadas.dgi.inpe.br\/queimadas\/portal\/informacoes\/novidades\/LanamentodaBase2defocosdequeimadevegetao.pdf1, (2018)."},{"key":"82158_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.08.005","volume":"217","author":"L Giglio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Giglio, L., Boschetti, L., Roy, D. P., Humber, M. L. & Justice, C. O. The Collection 6 MODIS burned area mapping algorithm and product. Remote Sens. Environ. 217, 72\u201385 (2018).","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"82158_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.02.054","volume":"178","author":"L Giglio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Giglio, L., Schroeder, W. & Justice, C. O. The collection 6 MODIS active fire detection algorithm and fire products. Remote Sens. Environ. 178, 31\u201341 (2016).","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"82158_CR37","unstructured":"INPE. PRODES - Projeto de Monitoramento do Desmatamento na Amaz\u00f4nia Brasileira por Sat\u00e9lite (Monitoring Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon by Satellite Project) http:\/\/www.obt.inpe.br\/OBT\/assuntos\/programas\/amazonia\/prodes (2019)."},{"key":"82158_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1244693","volume":"134","author":"MC Hansen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hansen, M. C. et al. High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change. Science 134, 850\u2013854 (2013).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"82158_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5641","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD028425","volume":"123","author":"MN Deeter","year":"2018","unstructured":"Deeter, M. N., Mart\u00ednez-Alonso, S., Andreae, M. O. & Schlager, H. Satellite-based analysis of CO seasonal and interannual variability over the Amazon basin. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 123, 5641\u20135656 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"82158_CR40","unstructured":"MMA, Plano de A\u00e7\u00e3o para Preven\u00e7\u00e3o e Controle do Desmatamento na Amaz\u00f4nia Legal (PPCDAm) https:\/\/www.mma.gov.br\/informma\/item\/616-preven\u00e7\u00e3o-e-controle-do-desmatamento-na-amaz\u00f4nia (2004)."},{"key":"82158_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2008.01652.x","volume":"14","author":"DC Morton","year":"2008","unstructured":"Morton, D. C. et al. Agricultural intensification increases deforestation fire activity in Amazonia. Glob. Chang. Biol. 14, 2262\u20132275 (2008).","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"82158_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.4155\/cmt.13.61","volume":"4","author":"Y Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen, Y. et al. Long-term trends and interannual variability of forest, savanna and agricultural fires in South America. Carbon Manag. 4, 617\u2013638 (2013).","journal-title":"Carbon Manag."},{"key":"82158_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2535","volume":"8","author":"CL Reddington","year":"2015","unstructured":"Reddington, C. L. et al. Air quality and human health improvements from reductions in deforestation-related fire in Brazil. Nat. Geosci. 8, 768\u2013771 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"82158_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1071\/WF08047","volume":"19","author":"JA Carvalho","year":"2010","unstructured":"Carvalho, J. A. et al. Understorey fire propagation and tree mortality on adjacent areas to an Amazonian deforestation fire. Int. J. Wildl. Fire 19, 795\u2013799 (2010).","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildl. Fire"},{"key":"82158_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos10110642","volume":"10","author":"APMA Cunha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cunha, A. P. M. A. et al. Extreme drought events over Brazil from 2011 to 2019. Atmosphere 10, 66 (2019).","journal-title":"Atmosphere"},{"key":"82158_CR46","first-page":"66","volume":"373","author":"JC Jim\u00e9nez-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Mu\u00f1oz, J. C. et al. Spatio-temporal patterns of thermal anomalies and drought over tropical forests driven by recent extreme climatic anomalies. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 373, 66 (2018).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"82158_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/7\/2\/024020","volume":"7","author":"JE Ten Hoeve","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ten Hoeve, J. E., Remer, L. A., Correia, A. L. & Jacobson, M. Z. Recent shift from forest to savanna burning in the Amazon Basin observed by satellite. Environ. Res. Lett. 7, 66 (2012).","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"82158_CR48","unstructured":"INPE, P. M. Q. INPE. INPE Programa Queimadas (2020). http:\/\/queimadas.dgi.inpe.br\/."},{"key":"82158_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11192254","volume":"11","author":"GAV Mataveli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mataveli, G. A. V. et al. Characterization and trends of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) fire emissions in the Brazilian Cerrado during 2002\u20192017. Remote Sens. 11, 1\u201321 (2019).","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"82158_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2019.05.047","volume":"446","author":"PS Silva","year":"2019","unstructured":"Silva, P. S., Bastos, A., Libonati, R., Rodrigues, J. A. & DaCamara, C. C. Impacts of the 1.5 \u00b0C global warming target on future burned area in the Brazilian Cerrado. For. Ecol. Manage. 446, 193\u2013203 (2019).","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manage."},{"key":"82158_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JD017758","volume":"117","author":"PB Hooghiemstra","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hooghiemstra, P. B. et al. Interannual variability of carbon monoxide emission estimates over South America from 2006 to 2010. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 117, 1\u201325 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"82158_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2012.10.026","volume":"122","author":"F Castro Videla","year":"2013","unstructured":"Castro Videla, F., Barnaba, F., Angelini, F., Cremades, P. & Gobbi, G. P. The relative role of Amazonian and non-Amazonian fires in building up the aerosol optical depth in South America: A five year study (2005\u20132009). Atmos. Res. 122, 298\u2013309 (2013).","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"82158_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5771","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-5771-2019","volume":"19","author":"E Darbyshire","year":"2019","unstructured":"Darbyshire, E. et al. The vertical distribution of biomass burning pollution over tropical South America from aircraft in situ measurements during SAMBBA. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 19, 5771\u20135790 (2019).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"82158_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53112-6","volume":"9","author":"WT Morgan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morgan, W. T., Darbyshire, E., Spracklen, D. V., Artaxo, P. & Coe, H. Non-deforestation drivers of fires are increasingly important sources of aerosol and carbon dioxide emissions across Amazonia. Sci. Rep. 9, 1\u201315 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"82158_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13750","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1713885114","volume":"114","author":"AD Syphard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Syphard, A. D., Keeley, J. E., Pfaff, A. H. & Ferschweiler, K. Human presence diminishes the importance of climate in driving fire activity across the United States. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 114, 13750\u201313755 (2017).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"82158_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2016.1208686","volume":"10","author":"DP Roy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Roy, D. P. & Kumar, S. S. Multi-year MODIS active fire type classification over the Brazilian Tropical Moist Forest Biome. Int. J. Digit. Earth 10, 54\u201384 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"82158_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, S. L. J., Maier, S., Pereira, J. M. C. & Russell-Smith, J. Seasonal differences in fire activity and intensity in tropical savannas of northern Australia using satellite measurements of fire radiative power, 249\u2013260 (2015).","DOI":"10.1071\/WF13201"},{"key":"82158_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006318","volume":"110","author":"MJ Wooster","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wooster, M. J., Roberts, G., Perry, G. L. W. & Kaufman, Y. J. Retrieval of biomass combustion rates and totals from fire radiative power observations: FRP derivation and calibration relationships between biomass consumption and fire radiative energy release. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 110, 1\u201324 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"82158_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1071\/WF10008","volume":"19","author":"S Archibald","year":"2010","unstructured":"Archibald, S., Scholes, R. J., Roy, D. P., Roberts, G. & Boschetti, L. Southern African fire regimes as revealed by remote sensing. Int. J. Wildl. Fire 19, 861\u2013878 (2010).","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildl. Fire"},{"key":"82158_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD025216","volume":"122","author":"W Tang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tang, W. & Arellano, A. F. J. Investigating dominant characteristics of fires across the Amazon during 2005\u20132014 through satellite data synthesis of combustion signatures. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 122, 1224\u20131245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2016JD025216 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"82158_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111301","volume":"232","author":"L Parente","year":"2019","unstructured":"Parente, L., Mesquita, V., Miziara, F., Baumann, L. & Ferreira, L. Assessing the pasturelands and livestock dynamics in Brazil, from 1985 to 2017: A novel approach based on high spatial resolution imagery and Google Earth Engine cloud computing. Remote Sens. Environ. 232, 111301 (2019).","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"82158_CR62","unstructured":"LAPIG. Laboratory for Image Processing and Geoprocessing (2020). https:\/\/www.lapig.iesa.ufg.br\/lapig\/."},{"key":"82158_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25847","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD02090","volume":"101","author":"RI Barbosa","year":"1996","unstructured":"Barbosa, R. I. & Fearnside, P. M. Pasture burning in Amazonia: Dynamics of residual biomass and the storage and release of aboveground carbon. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 101, 25847\u201325857 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"82158_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32091","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD00523","volume":"103","author":"LS Guild","year":"1998","unstructured":"Guild, L. S. et al. Dynamics associated with total aboveground biomass, C, nutrient pools, and biomass burning of primary forest and pasture in Rond\u00f4nia, Brazil during SCAR-B. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 103, 32091\u201332100 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"82158_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s004420050394","volume":"113","author":"JB Kauffman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kauffman, J. B., Cummings, D. L. & Ward, D. E. Fire in the Brazilian Amazon 2. Biomass, nutrient pools and losses in cattle pastures. Oecologia 113, 415\u2013427 (1998).","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"82158_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19358-2","volume":"8","author":"M Kalamandeen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kalamandeen, M. et al. pervasive rise of small-scale deforestation in Amazonia. Sci. Rep. 8, 1\u201310 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"82158_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2012.01901.x","volume":"26","author":"IMD Rosa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rosa, I. M. D., Souza, C. & Ewers, R. M. Changes in size of deforested patches in the Brazilian Amazon. Conserv. Biol. 26, 932\u2013937 (2012).","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol."},{"key":"82158_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrg.20042","volume":"118","author":"L Giglio","year":"2013","unstructured":"Giglio, L., Randerson, J. T. & Van Der Werf, G. R. Analysis of daily, monthly, and annual burned area using the fourth-generation global fire emissions database (GFED4). J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosciences 118, 317\u2013328 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosciences"},{"key":"82158_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111490","volume":"235","author":"L Boschetti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boschetti, L. et al. Global validation of the collection 6 MODIS burned area product. Remote Sens. Environ. 235, 111490 (2019).","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"82158_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ometto, J. P., Sousa-Neto, E. R. & Tejada, G. Land Use, Land Cover and Land Use Change in the Brazilian Amazon (1960\u20132013). in 369\u2013383 (Springer, Berlin, 2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-662-49902-3_15","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-49902-3_15"},{"key":"82158_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12558","volume":"7","author":"O Venter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Venter, O. et al. Sixteen years of change in the global terrestrial human footprint and implications for biodiversity conservation. Nat. Commun. 7, 1\u201311 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"82158_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2056","volume":"4","author":"DM Lapola","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lapola, D. M. et al. Pervasive transition of the Brazilian land-use system. Nat. Clim. Chang. 4, 27\u201335 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"82158_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1248525","volume":"344","author":"D Nepstad","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nepstad, D. et al. Slowing Amazon deforestation through public policy and interventions in beef and soy supply chains. Science 344, 1118\u20131123 (2014).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"82158_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2100","volume":"4","author":"W Cai","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cai, W. et al. Increasing frequency of extreme El Ni\u00f1o events due to greenhouse warming. Nat. Clim. Chang. 4, 111\u2013116 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"82158_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13172","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1421010112","volume":"112","author":"PB Duffy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Duffy, P. B., Brando, P., Asner, G. P. & Field, C. B. Projections of future meteorological drought and wet periods in the Amazon. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112, 13172\u201313177 (2015).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"82158_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/8\/1\/014035","volume":"8","author":"M Guimberteau","year":"2013","unstructured":"Guimberteau, M. et al. Future changes in precipitation and impacts on extreme streamflow over Amazonian sub-basins. Environ. Res. Lett. 8, 55 (2013).","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"82158_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.5194\/esd-8-1237-2017","volume":"8","author":"Y Le Page","year":"2017","unstructured":"Le Page, Y. et al. Synergy between land use and climate change increases future fire risk in Amazon forests. Earth Syst. Dyn. 8, 1237\u20131246 (2017).","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Dyn."},{"key":"82158_CR78","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"DMJS Bowman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bowman, D. M. J. S. et al. Human exposure and sensitivity to globally extreme wildfire events. Nat. Publ. Gr. 1, 1\u20136 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Publ. Gr."},{"key":"82158_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/aacd1c","volume":"13","author":"S Turubanova","year":"2018","unstructured":"Turubanova, S., Potapov, P. V., Tyukavina, A. & Hansen, M. C. Ongoing primary forest loss in Brazil, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Indonesia. Environ. Res. Lett. 13, 66 (2018).","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"82158_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-019-0856-8","volume":"3","author":"BBN Strassburg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Strassburg, B. B. N. Conservation provides multiple wins for Brazil. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 3, 508\u2013509 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"82158_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-019-0855-9","volume":"3","author":"D Abessa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abessa, D., Fam\u00e1, A. & Buruaem, L. The systematic dismantling of Brazilian environmental laws risks losses on all fronts. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 3, 510\u2013511 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"82158_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2020.104491","volume":"92","author":"EJAL Pereira","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pereira, E. J. A. L., de Santana Ribeiro, L. C., da Silva Freitas, L. F. & de Barros Pereira, H. B. Brazilian policy and agribusiness damage the Amazon rainforest. Land Use Policy 92, 104491 (2020).","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"82158_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-03464-1","volume":"588","author":"R Libonati","year":"2020","unstructured":"Libonati, R., DaCamara, C. C., Peres, L. F., De Carvalho, L. A. S. & Garcia, L. C. Rescue Brazil\u2019s burning Pantanal wetlands. Nature 588, 217\u2013219 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"82158_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/539147a","volume":"539","author":"J Tollefson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tollefson, J. Brazil debates loosening environmental protections. Nature 539, 147\u2013148 (2016).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"82158_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-018-05022-2","volume":"557","author":"J Tollefson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tollefson, J. Brazil \u2019 s lawmakers push to weaken environmental rules. Nature 557, 66 (2018).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"82158_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-018-0213-y","author":"PRR Rochedo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rochedo, P. R. R. et al. The threat of political bargaining to climate mitigation in Brazil. Nat. Clim. Chang. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41558-018-0213-y (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"82158_CR87","first-page":"66","volume":"41","author":"R Fuchs","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fuchs, R. et al. US\u2014China trade war imperils Amazon rainforest. Nature 41, 66 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-82158-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-82158-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-82158-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]],"date-time":"2023-01-29T11:07:25Z","timestamp":1674990445000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-82158-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["82158"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-82158-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 August 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 January 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 February 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4400"}}