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In both systems the pistil component is a <jats:italic>S-RNase<\/jats:italic> gene, but from two distinct phylogenetic lineages. The pollen component, always a F-box gene(s), in the case of <jats:italic>Prunus<\/jats:italic> is a single gene, and in Maleae there are multiple genes. Previously, the <jats:italic>Rosa S<\/jats:italic>-locus was mapped on chromosome 3, and three putative <jats:italic>S-RNase<\/jats:italic> genes were identified in the <jats:italic>R. chinensis<\/jats:italic> \u2018Old Blush\u2019 genome. Here, we show that these genes do not belong to the <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>-locus region. Using <jats:italic>R. chinensis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>R. multiflora<\/jats:italic> genomes and a phylogenetic approach, we identified the <jats:italic>S-RNase<\/jats:italic> gene, that belongs to the <jats:italic>Prunus S<\/jats:italic>-lineage. Expression patterns support this gene as being the <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>-pistil. This gene is here also identified in <jats:italic>R. moschata<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>R. arvensis<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>R. minutifolia<\/jats:italic> low coverage genomes, allowing the identification of positively selected amino acid sites, and thus, further supporting this gene as the <jats:italic>S-RNase<\/jats:italic>. Furthermore, genotype\u2013phenotype association experiments also support this gene as the <jats:italic>S-RNase<\/jats:italic>. For the <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>-pollen GSI component we find evidence for multiple F-box genes, that show the expected expression pattern, and evidence for diversifying selection at the F-box genes within an <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>-haplotype. Thus, <jats:italic>Rosa<\/jats:italic> has a non-self-recognition system, like in Maleae species, despite the <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>-pistil gene belonging to the <jats:italic>Prunus S-RNase<\/jats:italic> lineage. These findings are discussed in the context of the Rosaceae GSI evolution. Knowledge on the <jats:italic>Rosa S<\/jats:italic>-locus has practical implications since genes controlling floral and other ornamental traits are in linkage disequilibrium with the <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>-locus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83243-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T11:07:44Z","timestamp":1613128064000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["The identification of the Rosa S-locus and implications on the evolution of the Rosaceae gametophytic self-incompatibility systems"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Vieira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J.","family":"Pimenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J.","family":"Laia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S.","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P.","family":"Heitzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7139-2107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. 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S-RNases and sexual incompatibility: Structure, functions, and evolutionary perspectives. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 29, 490\u2013506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1055-7903(03)00195-7 (2003).","journal-title":"Mol. Phylogenet. Evol."},{"key":"83243_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erp024","volume":"60","author":"B McClure","year":"2009","unstructured":"McClure, B. Darwin\u2019s foundation for investigating self-incompatibility and the progress toward a physiological model for S-RNase-based SI. J. Exp. Bot. 60, 1069\u20131081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jxb\/erp024 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"83243_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21019","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021019","volume":"6","author":"MD Nowak","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nowak, M. D., Davis, A. P., Anthony, F. & Yoder, A. D. Expression and trans-specific polymorphism of self-incompatibility RNases in coffea (Rubiaceae). 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