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It has been demonstrated that elicitation with chitosan increases plant tolerance to the pinewood nematode (PWN)\u00a0<jats:italic>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus<\/jats:italic>, the causal agent of the PWD, but the biochemical and genetic aspects underlying this response have not been explored. To understand the influence of chitosan in <jats:italic>Pinus pinaster<\/jats:italic> tolerance against PWN, a low-molecular-weight (327\u00a0kDa) chitosan was applied to mock- and PWN-inoculated plants. Nematode population, malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase, carotenoids, anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, lignin and gene expression related to oxidative stress (thioredoxin 1, <jats:italic>TRX<\/jats:italic>) and plant defence (defensin, <jats:italic>DEF<\/jats:italic>, and a-farnesene synthase, <jats:italic>AFS<\/jats:italic>), were analysed at 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28\u00a0days post-inoculation (dpi). At 28 dpi, PWN-infected plants elicited with chitosan showed a sixfold lower nematode population when compared to non-elicited plants. Higher levels of MDA, catalase, carotenoids, anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, and lignin were detected in chitosan-elicited plants\u00a0following infection. The expression levels of <jats:italic>DEF<\/jats:italic> gene were higher in elicited plants, while <jats:italic>TRX<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>AFS<\/jats:italic> expression was lower, possibly due to the disease containment-effect of chitosan. Combined, we conclude that chitosan induces pine defences against PWD via modulation of metabolic and transcriptomic mechanisms related with plant antioxidant system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83445-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T11:05:04Z","timestamp":1613127904000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Chitosan increases Pinus pinaster tolerance to the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) by promoting plant antioxidative metabolism"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Nunes da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carla S.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"L\u00f3pez-Villamor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marta W.","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"83445_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpv046","volume":"35","author":"M Nunes da Silva","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nunes da Silva, M., Solla, A., Sampedro, L., Zas, R. & Vasconcelos, M. 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