{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:30:50Z","timestamp":1776213050753,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620691200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04033\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Plants with medicinal properties play an increasingly important role in food and pharmaceutical industries for their functions on disease prevention and treatment. This study characterizes the phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of seven medicinal and food plants, including the leaves of <jats:italic>Salvia officinalis<\/jats:italic> L., <jats:italic>Rosmarinus officinalis<\/jats:italic> L., <jats:italic>Olea europaea<\/jats:italic> L., and <jats:italic>Punica granatum<\/jats:italic> L., as well as the leaves and young stems of <jats:italic>Ruta graveolens<\/jats:italic> L., <jats:italic>Mentha piperita<\/jats:italic> L., and <jats:italic>Petroselinum crispum<\/jats:italic>, Mill., by using colorimetric, chromatographic, and spectrophotometric assays. Results revealed that the hydro-methanolic leaf extracts of <jats:italic>P. granatum<\/jats:italic> (pomegranate) displayed the highest content of total phenols (199.26\u00a0mg gallic acid per gram of plant dry weight), <jats:italic>ortho<\/jats:italic>-diphenols (391.76\u00a0mg gallic acid per gram of plant dry weight), and tannins (99.20\u00a0mg epicatechin per gram of plant dry weight), besides a higher content of flavonoids (24\u00a0mg catechin per gram of plant dry weight). The highest antioxidant capacity measured by ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP (2.14, 2.27, and 2.33\u00a0mM Trolox per gram of plant dry weight, respectively) methods was also obtained in pomegranate leaf extracts, being 4\u2013200 times higher than the other species. Such potent antioxidant activity of pomegranate leaves can be ascribed to the presence of different types of phenolic compounds and the high content in tannins, whilst phenolic acids and flavonoids were found to be the dominant phenolic classes of the other six plants. Consequently, despite the well-known antioxidant properties of these plant species, our study suggests pomegranate leaf can stand out as a relatively more valuable plant source of natural bioactive molecules for developing novel functional food-pharma ingredients, with potential for not only promoting human health but also improving bio-valorization and environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89437-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T10:09:20Z","timestamp":1620727760000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":234,"title":["Phytochemical and antioxidant analysis of medicinal and food plants towards bioactive food and pharmaceutical resources"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Manyou","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Gouvinhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana I. R. N. A.","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"89437_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.07.001","volume":"108","author":"Q Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li, Q. et al. Cholinesterase, \u03b2-amyloid aggregation inhibitory and antioxidant capacities of Chinese medicinal plants. Ind. Crops Prod. 108, 512\u2013519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.07.001 (2017).","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"89437_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315120157","volume-title":"Phenolic Compounds in Food: Characterization and Analysis","author":"LM Nollet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nollet, L. M. & Gutierrez-Uribe, J. A. Phenolic Compounds in Food: Characterization and Analysis 1st edn, 167 (CRC Press, 2018).","edition":"1"},{"key":"89437_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7801543","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7801543","volume":"2018","author":"CM Uritu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Uritu, C. M. et al. Medicinal plants of the family Lamiaceae in pain therapy: A review. Pain Res. Manag. 2018, 7801543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/7801543 (2018).","journal-title":"Pain Res. Manag."},{"key":"89437_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315060385","volume-title":"Plants and Indigenous Medicine and Diet: Biobehavioral Approaches","author":"NL Etkin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Etkin, N. L. Plants and Indigenous Medicine and Diet: Biobehavioral Approaches eBook, 336 (Taylor & Francis, 2019).","edition":"eBook"},{"key":"89437_CR5","volume-title":"Fruits, Vegetables, and Herbs: Bioactive Foods in Health Promotion","author":"RR Watson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Watson, R. R. & Preedy, V. R. Fruits, Vegetables, and Herbs: Bioactive Foods in Health Promotion 1st edn. (Elsevier Academic Press, 2016).","edition":"1"},{"key":"89437_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6894","author":"MS Alavi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alavi, M. S., Fanoudi, S., Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar, M., Mehri, S. & Hosseinzadeh, H. An updated review of protective effects of rosemary and its active constituents against natural and chemical toxicities. Phytother. Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ptr.6894 (2020).","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"89437_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2016.12.014","volume":"7","author":"A Ghorbani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ghorbani, A. & Esmaeilizadeh, M. Pharmacological properties of Salvia officinalis and its components. J. Tradit. Complement. Med. 7, 433\u2013440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtcme.2016.12.014 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"89437_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6664","volume":"34","author":"G Mahendran","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mahendran, G. & Rahman, L.-U. Ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological updates on Peppermint (Mentha \u00d7 piperita L.)\u2014a review. Phytother. Res. 34, 2088\u20132139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ptr.6664 (2020).","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"89437_CR9","first-page":"1","volume":"20","author":"PA Shamal Badhusha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shamal Badhusha, P. A. et al. Traditional uses, phytochemistry and ethanopharmacology of Ruta graveolens Linn: A review. Int. J. Pharm. Drug Anal. 20, 1\u20134 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Drug Anal."},{"key":"89437_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2020.05.002","volume":"10","author":"L Colucci-D\u2019Amato","year":"2020","unstructured":"Colucci-D\u2019Amato, L. & Cimaglia, G. Ruta graveolens as a potential source of neuroactive compounds to promote and restore neural functions. J. Tradit. Complement. Med. 10, 309\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtcme.2020.05.002 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"89437_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.8619","volume":"98","author":"S \u015eahin","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u015eahin, S. & Bilgin, M. Olive tree (Olea europaea L.) leaf as a waste by-product of table olive and olive oil industry: A review. J. Sci. Food Agric. 98, 1271\u20131279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jsfa.8619 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"89437_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.5958\/0974-360X.2020.00132.8","volume":"13","author":"ZA Salama","year":"2020","unstructured":"Salama, Z. A. et al. In-vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activities of banana leaves (Musa acuminata) and olive leaves (Olea europaea L.) as by-products. Res. J. Pharm. Technol. 13, 687\u2013696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5958\/0974-360X.2020.00132.8 (2020).","journal-title":"Res. J. Pharm. Technol."},{"key":"89437_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-6272(14)60018-2","volume":"33","author":"MH Farzaei","year":"2013","unstructured":"Farzaei, M. H., Abbasabadi, Z., Ardekani, M. R. S., Rahimi, R. & Farzaei, F. Parsley: A review of ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and biological activities. J. Tradit. Chin. Med. 33, 815\u2013826. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0254-6272(14)60018-2 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"89437_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8110453","volume":"8","author":"LC Cefali","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cefali, L. C. et al. Evaluation of in vitro solar protection factor (SPF), antioxidant activity, and cell viability of mixed vegetable extracts from Dirmophandra mollis Benth, Ginkgo biloba L., Ruta graveolens L., and Vitis vin\u00edfera L.. Plants 8, 453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/plants8110453 (2019).","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"89437_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5346","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO00484G","volume":"11","author":"N Mara de Menezes Epifanio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mara de Menezes Epifanio, N. et al. Chemical characterization and in vivo antioxidant activity of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) aqueous extract. Food Funct. 11, 5346\u20135356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D0FO00484G (2020).","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"89437_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666190708183941","volume":"25","author":"V Vu\u010di\u0107","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vu\u010di\u0107, V., Grabe\u017e, M., Trchounian, A. & Arsi\u0107, A. Composition and potential health benefits of pomegranate: A review. Curr. Pharm. Des. 25, 1817\u20131827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1381612825666190708183941 (2019).","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"89437_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.5455\/jice.20160904102857","volume":"5","author":"GL Viswanatha","year":"2016","unstructured":"Viswanatha, G. L., Venkataranganna, M. V., Prasad, N. B. L. & Ashok, G. Evaluation of anti-epileptic activity of leaf extracts of Punica granatum on experimental models of epilepsy in mice. J. Intercult. Ethnopharmacol. 5, 415\u2013421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/jice.20160904102857 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Intercult. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"89437_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2019.1577305","volume":"31","author":"W Yeddes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yeddes, W., Chalghoum, A., Aidi-Wannes, W., Ksouri, R. & Saidani Tounsi, M. Effect of bioclimatic area and season on phenolics and antioxidant activities of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) leaves. J. Essential Oil Res. 31, 432\u2013443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10412905.2019.1577305 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Essential Oil Res."},{"key":"89437_CR19","first-page":"131","volume":"4","author":"VL Christova-Bagdassarian","year":"2014","unstructured":"Christova-Bagdassarian, V. L., Bagdassarian, K. S., Atanassova, M. S. & Ahmad, M. A. Comparative analysis of total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, rutin, tannins and antioxidant capacity in Apiaceae and Lamiaceae families. Indian Hortic. J. 4, 131\u2013140 (2014). https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/15503276\/Comparative_Analysis_of_Total_Phenolic_and_Total_Flavonoid_Contents_Rutin_Tannins_and_Antioxidant_Capacity_in_Apiaceae_and_Lamiaceae_families?source=swp_share","journal-title":"Indian Hortic. J."},{"key":"89437_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2020.1762669","volume":"58","author":"S Asgharian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Asgharian, S. et al. Ruta graveolens and rutin, as its major compound: Investigating their effect on spatial memory and passive avoidance memory in rats. Pharm. Biol. 58, 447\u2013453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13880209.2020.1762669 (2020).","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"89437_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2020.1842894","author":"N Aissani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aissani, N., Albouchi, F. & Sebai, H. Anticancer effect in human glioblastoma and antioxidant activity of Petroselinum crispum L. methanol extract. Nutr. Cancer https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01635581.2020.1842894 (2020).","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"89437_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-014-9171-x","volume":"8","author":"N Farnad","year":"2014","unstructured":"Farnad, N., Heidari, R. & Aslanipour, B. Phenolic composition and comparison of antioxidant activity of alcoholic extracts of Peppermint (Mentha piperita). J. Food Meas. Charact. 8, 113\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11694-014-9171-x (2014).","journal-title":"J. Food Meas. Charact."},{"key":"89437_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2012.08.029","volume":"43","author":"MHH Roby","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roby, M. H. H., Sarhan, M. A., Selim, K.A.-H. & Khalel, K. I. Evaluation of antioxidant activity, total phenols and phenolic compounds in thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), and marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) extracts. Ind. Crops Prod. 43, 827\u2013831. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.indcrop.2012.08.029 (2013).","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"89437_CR24","first-page":"84","volume":"51","author":"M Dent","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dent, M., Dragovi\u0107-Uzelac, V., Peni\u0107, M., Bosiljkov, T. & Levaj, B. The effect of extraction solvents, temperature and time on the composition and mass fraction of polyphenols in Dalmatian wild sage (Salvia officinalis L.) extracts. Food Technol. Biotech. 51, 84\u201391 (2013).","journal-title":"Food Technol. Biotech."},{"key":"89437_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2011.03.050","volume":"85","author":"N Mulinacci","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mulinacci, N. et al. Storage method, drying processes and extraction procedures strongly affect the phenolic fraction of rosemary leaves: An HPLC\/DAD\/MS study. Talanta 85, 167\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.talanta.2011.03.050 (2011).","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"89437_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(13)60097-8","volume":"6","author":"JS Ramkissoon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ramkissoon, J. S., Mahomoodally, M. F., Ahmed, N. & Subratty, A. H. Antioxidant and anti-glycation activities correlates with phenolic composition of tropical medicinal herbs. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med. 6, 561\u2013569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1995-7645(13)60097-8 (2013).","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"89437_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2016.06.008","volume":"7","author":"SN Mestry","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mestry, S. N., Dhodi, J. B., Kumbhar, S. B. & Juvekar, A. R. Attenuation of diabetic nephropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by Punica granatum Linn. leaves extract. J. Tradit. Complement. Med. 7, 273\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtcme.2016.06.008 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Complement. Med."},{"key":"89437_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2016.02.006","volume":"22","author":"S Uysal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Uysal, S., Zengin, G., Aktumsek, A. & Karatas, S. Chemical and biological approaches on nine fruit tree leaves collected from the Mediterranean region of Turkey. J. Funct. Foods 22, 518\u2013532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jff.2016.02.006 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"89437_CR29","first-page":"105","volume":"41","author":"K Kaewnarin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kaewnarin, K., Niamsup, H., Shank, L. & Rakariyatham, N. Antioxidant and antiglycation activities of some edible and medicinal plants. Chiang Mai J. Sci. 41, 105\u2013116 (2014).","journal-title":"Chiang Mai J. Sci."},{"key":"89437_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2003.09.047","volume":"74","author":"Y Cai","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cai, Y., Luo, Q., Sun, M. & Corke, H. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of 112 traditional Chinese medicinal plants associated with anticancer. Life Sci. 74, 2157\u20132184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2003.09.047 (2004).","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"89437_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4724","DOI":"10.5897\/JMPR11.995","volume":"6","author":"W Elfalleh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Elfalleh, W. et al. Total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of pomegranate peel, seed, leaf and flower. J. Med. Plants Res. 6, 4724\u20134730 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"89437_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.108807","volume":"128","author":"B Fellah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fellah, B. et al. Untargeted metabolomics reveals changes in phenolic profile following in vitro large intestine fermentation of non-edible parts of Punica granatum L.. Food Res. Int. 128, 108807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.108807 (2020).","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"89437_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6879183","volume":"2018","author":"AJMCR Pinheiro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pinheiro, A. J. M. C. R. et al. Punica granatum L. leaf extract attenuates lung inflammation in mice with acute lung injury. J. Immunol. Res. 2018, 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/6879183 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"89437_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-018-0699-5","volume":"74","author":"B Ulewicz-Magulska","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ulewicz-Magulska, B. & Wesolowski, M. Total phenolic contents and antioxidant potential of herbs used for medical and culinary purposes. Plant Food Hum. Nutr. 74, 61\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11130-018-0699-5 (2019).","journal-title":"Plant Food Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"89437_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2014.910533","volume":"53","author":"P Ankita","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ankita, P., Deepti, B. & Nilam, M. Flavonoid rich fraction of Punica granatum improves early diabetic nephropathy by ameliorating proteinuria and disturbed glucose homeostasis in experimental animals. Pharm. Biol. 53, 61\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/13880209.2014.910533 (2015).","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"89437_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.01.013","volume":"127","author":"I Generali\u0107","year":"2011","unstructured":"Generali\u0107, I. et al. Influence of the phenophase on the phenolic profile and antioxidant properties of Dalmatian sage. Food Chem. 127, 427\u2013433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.01.013 (2011).","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"89437_CR37","first-page":"137","volume":"7","author":"KJ Salwe","year":"2014","unstructured":"Salwe, K. J. & Sachdev, D. Evaluation of antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect of the hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves and fruit peel of P. granatum in experimental animals. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 7, 137\u2013141 (2014).","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res."},{"key":"89437_CR38","first-page":"76","volume":"21","author":"F AlFadel","year":"2014","unstructured":"AlFadel, F., Al Laham, S. & Alkhatib, R. The anti-bacterial activity of various parts of Punica granatum on antibiotics resistance Escherichia coli. Seeds 21, 76 (2014).","journal-title":"Seeds"},{"key":"89437_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14393\/BJ-v33n2-33736","author":"I Gheith","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gheith, I. & El-Mahmoudy, A. Potent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials of Punica granatum leaf and flower hydromethanolic extracts in vitro. Biosci. J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14393\/BJ-v33n2-33736 (2017).","journal-title":"Biosci. J."},{"key":"89437_CR40","first-page":"59","volume":"7","author":"S Pararin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pararin, S., Rouhi, L. & Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A. The beneficial effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Punica granatum L. leaves and flower on ethylene glycol-induced kidney calculi in RATS. J. Herb. Drugs (Int. J. Med. Herbs) 7, 59\u201364 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Herb. Drugs (Int. J. Med. Herbs)"},{"key":"89437_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-015-3962-5","volume":"37","author":"Y Kiraz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kiraz, Y., Neergheen-Bhujun, V. S., Rummun, N. & Baran, Y. Apoptotic effects of non-edible parts of Punica granatum on human multiple myeloma cells. Tumour Biol. J. Int. Soc. Oncodev. Biol. Med. 37, 1803\u20131815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13277-015-3962-5 (2016).","journal-title":"Tumour Biol. J. Int. Soc. Oncodev. Biol. Med."},{"key":"89437_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602312","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/602312","volume":"2013","author":"N Rummun","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rummun, N., Somanah, J., Ramsaha, S., Bahorun, T. & Neergheen-Bhujun, V. S. Bioactivity of nonedible parts of Punica granatum L.: A potential source of functional ingredients. Int. J. Food Sci. 2013, 602312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/602312 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci."},{"key":"89437_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2013.02.015","volume":"53","author":"K Kapp","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kapp, K. et al. Commercial peppermint (Mentha \u00d7 piperita L) teas: Antichlamydial effect and polyphenolic composition. Food Res. Int. 53, 758\u2013766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodres.2013.02.015 (2013).","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"89437_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-012-9430-6","volume":"6","author":"D Meziane-Assami","year":"2013","unstructured":"Meziane-Assami, D., Tomao, V., Ruiz, K., Meklati, B. Y. & Chemat, F. Geographical differentiation of rosemary based on GC\/MS and fast HPLC analyses. Food Anal. Method 6, 282\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12161-012-9430-6 (2013).","journal-title":"Food Anal. Method"},{"key":"89437_CR45","first-page":"20","volume":"14","author":"IR Khaleel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khaleel, I. R., Kadhim, M. I. & Subhi, J. H. Effect of some biotic and abiotic elicitors on phenolic acids and diterpenes production from rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) leaf and callus analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (Hplc). Al-Nahrain J. Sci. 14, 20 (2018).","journal-title":"Al-Nahrain J. Sci."},{"key":"89437_CR46","first-page":"152","volume":"11","author":"M Melnyk","year":"2018","unstructured":"Melnyk, M., Vodoslavskyi, V. & Obodianskyi, M. Research of phenolic compounds of ruta graveolens l and stellaria media (l.) vill. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res. 11, 152\u2013156 (2018).","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res."},{"key":"89437_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2018.01.029","volume":"43","author":"MG Figueroa-P\u00e9rez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Figueroa-P\u00e9rez, M. G. et al. Diabetic nephropathy is ameliorated with peppermint (Mentha piperita) infusions prepared from salicylic acid-elicited plants. J. Funct. Foods 43, 55\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jff.2018.01.029 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"89437_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.2298\/JSC0904367D","volume":"74","author":"D Dekanski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dekanski, D. et al. Phytochemical analysis and gastroprotective activity of an olive leaf extract. J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 74, 367\u2013377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2298\/JSC0904367D (2009).","journal-title":"J. Serb. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"89437_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1600331","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201600331","volume":"14","author":"J Makowska-W\u0105s","year":"2017","unstructured":"Makowska-W\u0105s, J. et al. Identification of predominant phytochemical compounds and cytotoxic activity of wild olive leaves (Olea europaea L. ssp. sylvestris) harvested in South Portugal. Chem. Biodiv. 14, e1600331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbdv.201600331 (2017).","journal-title":"Chem. Biodiv."},{"key":"89437_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.9755\/ejfa.2016-06-618","volume":"28","author":"E Skotti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Skotti, E. et al. Biological activity of selected Greek medicinal and aromatic plants extracts on Alternaria alternata. Emirates J. Food Agric. 28, 796\u2013804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9755\/ejfa.2016-06-618 (2016).","journal-title":"Emirates J. Food Agric."},{"key":"89437_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2078794","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2078794","volume":"2017","author":"MO Arruda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arruda, M. O. et al. The hydroalcoholic extract obtained from Mentha piperita L. leaves attenuates oxidative stress and improves survival in lipopolysaccharide-treated macrophages. J. Immunol. Res. 2017, 2078794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/2078794 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"89437_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2521","volume":"86","author":"DL Luthria","year":"2006","unstructured":"Luthria, D. L., Mukhopadhyay, S. & Kwansa, A. L. A systematic approach for extraction of phenolic compounds using parsley (Petroselinum crispum) flakes as a model substrate. J. Sci. Food Agric. 86, 1350\u20131358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jsfa.2521 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"89437_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-1140-y","volume":"16","author":"WG Hozayen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hozayen, W. G., El-Desouky, M. A., Soliman, H. A., Ahmed, R. R. & Khaliefa, A. K. Antiosteoporotic effect of Petroselinum crispum, Ocimum basilicum and Cichorium intybus L. in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in rats. Bmc. Complement. Altern. Med. 16, 165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-016-1140-y (2016).","journal-title":"Bmc. Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"89437_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-108856","volume":"82","author":"LC Marques","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marques, L. C. et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of a pomegranate leaf extract in LPS-induced peritonitis. Planta Med. 82, 1463\u20131467. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0042-108856 (2016).","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"89437_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14851","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71847-5","volume":"10","author":"N Swilam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Swilam, N. & Nematallah, K. A. Polyphenols profile of pomegranate leaves and their role in green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Sci. Rep. 10, 14851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-71847-5 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"89437_CR56","first-page":"193","volume":"7","author":"M Akkawi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Akkawi, M., Abu-Lafi, S. & Abu-Remeleh, Q. Phytochemical screening of Pomegranate juice, peels, leaves and membranes water extracts and their effect on \u03b2-hematin formation, a comparative study. Pharm. Pharmacol. Int. J. 7, 193\u2013200 (2019).","journal-title":"Pharm. Pharmacol. Int. J."},{"key":"89437_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01978","volume":"10","author":"AC Pinheiro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pinheiro, A. C. et al. Galloyl-hexahydroxydiphenoyl (HHDP)-glucose isolated from Punica granatum L. leaves protects against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury in BALB\/c mice. Front. Immunol. 10, 1978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01978 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"89437_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.22038\/ijbms.2018.30660.7389","volume":"22","author":"G Lakshminarayanashastry Viswanatha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lakshminarayanashastry Viswanatha, G., Venkatanarasappa Venkataranganna, M. & Lingeswara Prasad, N. B. Methanolic leaf extract of Punica granatum attenuates ischemia-reperfusion brain injury in Wistar rats: Potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci. 22, 187\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22038\/ijbms.2018.30660.7389 (2019).","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"89437_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59451-z","volume":"10","author":"J Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, J. et al. Structure-antioxidant activity relationship of methoxy, phenolic hydroxyl, and carboxylic acid groups of phenolic acids. Sci. Rep. 10, 2611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-59451-z (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"89437_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21080991","volume":"21","author":"Z Xue","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xue, Z. & Yang, B. Phenylethanoid glycosides: Research advances in their phytochemistry, pharmacological activity and pharmacokinetics. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 21, 991. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules21080991 (2016).","journal-title":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"89437_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25030614","volume":"25","author":"M Fraga-Corral","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fraga-Corral, M. et al. Technological application of tannin-based extracts. Molecules 25, 614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules25030614 (2020).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"89437_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5394","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b05010","volume":"67","author":"X Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang, X. & Tom\u00e1s-Barber\u00e1n, F. A. Tea is a significant dietary source of ellagitannins and ellagic acid. J. Agric. Food Chem. 67, 5394\u20135404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b05010 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"89437_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2018.10.006","volume":"126","author":"I Gouvinhas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gouvinhas, I. et al. Monitoring the antioxidant and antimicrobial power of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) stems phenolics over long-term storage. Ind. Crops Prod. 126, 83\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.indcrop.2018.10.006 (2018).","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"89437_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1366\/11-06516","volume":"66","author":"RG Dambergs","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dambergs, R. G., Mercurio, M. D., Kassara, S., Cozzolino, D. & Smith, P. A. Rapid measurement of methyl cellulose precipitable tannins using ultraviolet spectroscopy with chemometrics: Application to red wine and inter-laboratory calibration transfer. Appl. Spectrosc. 66, 656\u2013664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1366\/11-06516 (2012).","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"89437_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.4411","volume":"91","author":"P Mena","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mena, P. et al. Phytochemical characterisation for industrial use of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cultivars grown in Spain. J. Sci. Food Agric. 91, 1893\u20131906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jsfa.4411 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-89437-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-89437-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-89437-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T07:55:28Z","timestamp":1670054128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-89437-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["89437"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-89437-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 January 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 April 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 May 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"10041"}}