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Acetic acid is a major inhibitory compound in industrial bioprocesses and a widely used preservative in foods and beverages. Results indicate that yeast cell wall resistance to lyticase activity increases during acetic acid-induced growth latency, corresponding to yeast population adaptation to sudden exposure to this stress. This response correlates with: (i) increased cell stiffness, assessed by atomic force microscopy (AFM); (ii) increased content of cell wall \u03b2-glucans, assessed by fluorescence microscopy, and (iii) slight increase of the transcription level of the <jats:italic>GAS1<\/jats:italic> gene encoding a \u03b2-1,3-glucanosyltransferase that leads to elongation of (1\u21923)-\u03b2-<jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-glucan chains. Collectively, results reinforce the notion that the adaptive yeast response to acetic acid stress involves a coordinate alteration of the cell wall at the biophysical and molecular levels. These alterations guarantee a robust adaptive response essential to limit the futile cycle associated to the re-entry of the toxic acid form after the active expulsion of acetate from the cell interior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92069-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]],"date-time":"2021-06-16T10:03:04Z","timestamp":1623837784000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Yeast adaptive response to acetic acid stress involves structural alterations and increased stiffness of the cell wall"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ricardo A.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel V.","family":"Vitorino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia P.","family":"Godinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Bourbon-Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiago T.","family":"Robalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1bio","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rio S.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"S\u00e1-Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"92069_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palma, M. & S\u00e1-Correia, I. 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