{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T22:20:49Z","timestamp":1776896449200,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00511\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Air quality improvements pollution changes due to COVID-19 restrictions have been reported for many urban developments and large metropolitan areas, but the respective impacts at rural and remote zones are less frequently analysed. This study evaluated air pollution changes across all Portugal (68 stations) considering all urban, suburban and rural zones. PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>, PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>, NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, ozone was analysed in pre-, during, and post-lockdown period (January\u2013May 2020) and for a comparison also in 2019. NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> was the most reduced pollutant in 2020, which coincided with decreased traffic. Significant drop (15\u201371%) of traffic related NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> was observed specifically during lockdown period, being 55% for the largest and most populated region in country. PM was affected to a lesser degree (with substantial differences found for largely populated areas (Lisbon region\u2009~\u200930%; North region, up to 49%); during lockdown traffic-related PM dropped 10\u201370%. PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> daily limit was exceeded 50% less in 2020, with 80% of exceedances before lockdown period. SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> decreased by 35%, due to suspended industrial productions, whereas ozone concentrations slightly (though not significantly) increased (83 vs. 80\u00a0\u00b5g\u00a0m<jats:sup>\u20133<\/jats:sup>).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99491-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T10:02:46Z","timestamp":1635501766000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["2020 COVID-19 lockdown and the impacts on air quality with emphasis on urban, suburban and rural zones"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Klara","family":"Slezakova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria Carmo","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"99491_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO Director-General's statement on IHR Emergency Committee on Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). (Accessed 12 Aug 2020); https:\/\/www.who.int\/dg\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-statement-on-ihr-emergency-committee-on-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov) (2020)."},{"key":"99491_CR2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Situation Report\u2013205. (Accessed 12 Mar 2021); https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/situation-reports\/20200812-covid-19-sitrep-205.pdf?sfvrsn=627c9aa8_2 (2020)."},{"key":"99491_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138813","volume":"728","author":"MA Zambrano-Monserrate","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zambrano-Monserrate, M. A., Ruano, M. & Sanchez-Alcalde, L. Indirect effects of COVID-19 on the environment. Sci. Total Environ. 728, 138813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138813 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"99491_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138882","volume":"728","author":"I Chakraborty","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chakraborty, I. & Maity, P. COVID-19 outbreak, migration, effects on society, global environment and prevention. Sci. Total Environ. 728, 138882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138882 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"99491_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44647","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-11075-6","volume":"27","author":"F Dutheil","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dutheil, F., Baker, J. S. & Navel, V. COVID-19 and air pollution, the worst is yet to come. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 27, 44647\u201344649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-020-11075-6 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"99491_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138870","volume":"728","author":"S Saadat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saadat, S., Rawtani, D. & Hussain, C. M. Environmental perspective of COVID-19 Exposure to air pollution and respiratory symptoms during the first 7 years of life in an Italian birth cohort. Sci. Total Environ. 728, 138870. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138870 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"99491_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140573","volume":"742","author":"S Arora","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arora, S., Bhaukhandi, K. D. & Mishra, P. K. Coronavirus lockdown helped the environment to bounce back. Sci. Total Environ. 742, 140573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140573 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"99491_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114883","volume":"265","author":"P Krecl","year":"2020","unstructured":"Krecl, P., Targino, A. C., Oukawa, G. Y. & Cassino, R. P. Drop in urban air pollution from COVID-19 pandemic, Policy implications for the megacity of S\u00e3o Paulo. Environ. Pollut. 265, 114883. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114883 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"99491_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139765","volume":"737","author":"B Siciliano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Siciliano, B., Dantas, G., da Silva, C. M. & Arbilla, G. Increased ozone levels during the COVID-19 lockdown, analysis for the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sci. Total Environ. 737, 139765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139765 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"99491_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139022","volume":"729","author":"S Abdullah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdullah, S. et al. Air quality status during 2020 Malaysia Movement Control Order (MCO) due to 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pandemic. Sci. Total Environ. 729, 139022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139022 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"99491_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140840","volume":"744","author":"Y Cui","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cui, Y. et al. Levels and sources of hourly PM2.5-related elements during the control period of the COVID-19 pandemic at a rural site between Beijing and Tianjin. Sci. Total Environ. 744, 140840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140840 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"99491_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2020.06.031","volume":"99","author":"B Chu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chu, B., Zhang, S., Liu, J., Ma, Q. & He, H. Significant concurrent decrease in PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations in China during COVID-19 epidemic. J. Environ. Sci. 99, 346\u2013353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jes.2020.06.031 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"99491_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102660","volume":"66","author":"LD Latif","year":"2021","unstructured":"Latif, L. D., Dominick, D., Hawari, N. S. S., Mohtar, A. A. A. & Othman, M. The concentration of major air pollutants during the movement control order due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. Sustain. Cities Soc. 66, 102660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102660 (2021).","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"99491_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140556","volume":"742","author":"X Lian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lian, X. et al. Impact of city lockdown on the air quality of COVID-19-hit of Wuhan city. Sci. Total Environ. 742, 140556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140556 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"99491_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102382","volume":"62","author":"P Kumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kumar, P. et al. Temporary reduction in fine particulate matter due to \u2018anthropogenic emissions switch-off\u2019 during COVID-19 lockdown in Indian cities. Sustain. Cities Soc. 62, 102382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102382 (2020).","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"99491_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115080","volume":"266","author":"K Shehzad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shehzad, K., Sarfraz, M. & Shah, S. G. M. The impact of COVID-19 as a necessary evil on air pollution in India during the lockdown. Environ. Pollut. 266, 115080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115080 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"99491_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138915","volume":"728","author":"Q Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, Q. & Su, M. A. A preliminary assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on environment\u2014A case study of China. Sci. Total Environ. 728, 138915. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138915 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"99491_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115042","volume":"266","author":"D Rodr\u00edguez-Urrego","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Urrego, D. & Rodr\u00edguez-Urrego, L. Air quality during the COVID-19, PM 2.5 analysis in the 50 most polluted capital cities in the world. Environ. Pollut. 266, 115042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115042 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"99491_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35584","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-12934-6","volume":"27","author":"L Pei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pei, L. et al. Do air pollutants as well as meteorological factors impact Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)? Evidence from China based on the geographical perspective. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 27, 35584\u201335596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-12934-6 (2021).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"issue":"15","key":"99491_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-11662-7","volume":"28","author":"M Coccia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Coccia, M. Effects of the spread of COVID-19 on public health of polluted cities, results of the first wave for explaining the dej\u00e0 vu in the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic and epidemics of future vital agents. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 28(15), 19147\u201319154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-020-11662-7 (2021).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"99491_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2020.07.029","volume":"101","author":"A Briz-Red\u00f3na","year":"2021","unstructured":"Briz-Red\u00f3na, A., Belenguer-Sapi\u00f1a, C. & Serrano-Arocac, S. Changes in air pollution during COVID-19 lockdown in Spain, A multi-city study. J. Environ. Sci. 101, 16\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jes.2020.07.029 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"99491_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138540","volume":"726","author":"A Tob\u00edas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tob\u00edas, A. et al. Changes in air quality during the lockdown in Barcelona (Spain) one month into the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. Sci. Total Environ. 726, 138540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138540 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"99491_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139022","volume":"732","author":"MC Collivignarelli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Collivignarelli, M. C. et al. Lockdown for CoViD-2019 in Milan, What are the effects on air quality?. Sci. Total Environ. 732, 139280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139022 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"99491_CR24","unstructured":"QualAr The Monitoring Network (in Portuguese). (Accessed 27 Jul 2020); https:\/\/qualar.apambiente.pt\/node\/rede-de-medicao-da-qualidade-do-ar (2020)."},{"key":"99491_CR25","unstructured":"Ag\u00eancia Portuguesa do Ambiente\u2014APA. Ambient air. (Accessed 27 Jul 2020); https:\/\/apambiente.pt\/index.php?ref=16&subref=82&sub2ref=316 (2020)."},{"key":"99491_CR26","unstructured":"QualAr. The observed pollution (in Portuguese). (Accessed 13 May \u2014 30 June 2020); https:\/\/qualar.apambiente.pt\/downloads, (2020)."},{"key":"99491_CR27","unstructured":"European Environment Agency. Air quality in Europe 2019. EEA Report 10\/2019. (European Environment Agency, 2019). (Accessed 7 Jun 2020); Air-quality-in-europe_2019-final_21102019.pdf"},{"key":"99491_CR28","unstructured":"The Portugal News. President announces end of the state of emergency. The Portugal\u2019s National Newspaper in English (Accessed 27 Jul 2020); https:\/\/www.theportugalnews.com\/news\/president-announces-end-of-the-state-of-emergency\/53920. Copyrights Anglopress Lda, The News Group of Newspaper ag\u00eancia. (2020)."},{"key":"99491_CR29","unstructured":"Decreto-Lei 102\/2010. Di\u00e1rio da Rep\u00fablica, 1.\u00aa s\u00e9rie \u2013 N.\u00ba186, 4177\u20134205 (2010) (in Portuguese)."},{"key":"99491_CR30","unstructured":"Decreto-Lei 43\/2015. Di\u00e1rio da Rep\u00fablica n.\u00ba 61\/2015, 1711\u20131713 (2015) (in Portuguesse)."},{"key":"99491_CR31","first-page":"1","volume":"L152","author":"E Parliament","year":"2007","unstructured":"Parliament, E. Directive 2008\/50\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe. Off. J. Eur. Union L152, 1\u201344 (2007).","journal-title":"Off. J. Eur. Union"},{"key":"99491_CR32","unstructured":"Brisa Concess\u00e3o Rodovi\u00e1ria. FY 2019 Traffic Update. IRISA Concess\u00e3o Rodovi\u00e1ria, S.A. (Accessed 5 June 2020); https:\/\/www.brisaconcessao.pt\/Portals\/0\/comunicados\/EN\/BCR%202019%20Traffic%20Update_v2.pdf, (2020)."},{"key":"99491_CR33","unstructured":"Brisa Concess\u00e3o Rodovi\u00e1ria. Resultados 2020. BRISA Concess\u00e3o Rodovi\u00e1ria, S.A. (Accessed 1 Aug 2021); https:\/\/www.brisaconcessao.pt\/Portals\/0\/relat%F3rios\/BCR%202020%20Apres%20Resultados%20PT.pdf (2021) (in Portuguese)."},{"key":"99491_CR34","unstructured":"International Transport Forum. Urban Mobility System Upgrade. Corporate Partnership Board Report. OECD\/ITF (2015)."},{"key":"99491_CR35","volume-title":"Estat\u00edsticas dos Transportes e Comunica\u00e7\u00f5es 2018","author":"Statistics Portugal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Statistics Portugal. Estat\u00edsticas dos Transportes e Comunica\u00e7\u00f5es 2018 (Instituto Nacional de Estat\u00edstica, 2019) (in Portugesse)."},{"key":"99491_CR36","volume-title":"Mobilidade e funcionalidade do territ\u00f3rio nas \u00c1reas Metropolitanas do Porto e de Lisboa, 2017","author":"Statistics Portugal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Statistics Portugal. Mobilidade e funcionalidade do territ\u00f3rio nas \u00c1reas Metropolitanas do Porto e de Lisboa, 2017 (Instituto Nacional de Estat\u00edstica, 2018) (Accessed online 15 June 2020) (in Portugesse)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-99491_CR37.1","unstructured":"Ritchie, H. et al. Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19). Published at OurWorldInData.org. (Acessed 2 Aug 2021)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-99491_CR37.2","unstructured":"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/coronavirus (2020)."},{"key":"99491_CR38","unstructured":"PORDATA. Popula\u00e7\u00e3o residente, total e por grandes grupos et\u00e1rios (in Portuguese). (Accessed 28 Jul 2020); https:\/\/www.pordata.pt\/DB\/Municipios\/Ambiente+de+Consulta\/Tabela (2020)."},{"key":"99491_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.193","volume":"1","author":"E Fuertes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fuertes, E. et al. A longitudinal analysis of associations between traffic-related air pollution with asthma, allergies and sensitization in the GINIplus and LISAplus birth cohorts. PeerJ 1, e193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.193 (2013).","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"99491_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2013-101867","volume":"71","author":"A Ranzi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ranzi, A. et al. Exposure to air pollution and respiratory symptoms during the first 7 years of life in an Italian birth cohort. Occup. Environ. Med. 71(6), 430\u2013436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/oemed-2013-101867 (2014).","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"99491_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.05.032","volume":"94","author":"MJ Nieuwenhuijsen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. & Khreis, H. Car-free cities, pathways to healthy urban living. Environ. Int. 94, 251\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2016.05.032 (2016).","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"99491_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115368","volume":"266","author":"V Singh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singh, V. et al. Diurnal and temporal changes in air pollution during COVID-19 strict lockdown over different regions of India. Environ. Pollut. 266(Pt 3), 115368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115368 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"99491_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110515","volume":"193","author":"C Gama","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gama, C., Relvas, H., Lopes, M. & Monteiro, A. The impact of COVID-19 on air quality levels in Portugal, A way to assess traffic contribution. Environ. Res. 193, 110515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110515 (2021).","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"99491_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146380","volume":"779","author":"X Querol","year":"2021","unstructured":"Querol, X. et al. Lessons from the COVID-19 air pollution decrease in Spain, Now what?. Sci. Total Environ. 779, 146380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146380 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"99491_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2017.11.059","volume":"160","author":"R Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","year":"2018","unstructured":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o, R. et al. Saharan dust transport to Europe and its impact on photovoltaic performance, A case study of soiling in Portugal. Sol. Energy 160, 94\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.solener.2017.11.059 (2018).","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"issue":"1","key":"99491_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.5094\/APR.2015.009","volume":"6","author":"A Monteiro","year":"2015","unstructured":"Monteiro, A., Fernandes, A. P., Gama, C., Borrego, C. & Tchepel, O. Assessing the mineral dust from North Africa over Portugal region using BSC\u2013DREAM8b model. Atmos. Pollut. Res. 6(1), 70\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5094\/APR.2015.009 (2015).","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"99491_CR47","unstructured":"Health Effects Institute. State of Global Air 2019. Special Report. (Health Effects Institute, 2019)."},{"key":"99491_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3289","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-3289-2016","volume":"16","author":"F Amato","year":"2016","unstructured":"Amato, F. et al. AIRUSE-LIFE+, a harmonized PM speciation and source apportionment in five southern European cities. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16, 3289\u20133309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-16-3289-2016 (2016).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"6","key":"99491_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2018.1454357","volume":"68","author":"HC Frey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Frey, H. C. Trends in onroad transportation energy and emissions. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 68(6), 514\u2013563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10962247.2018.1454357 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"99491_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.01.012","volume":"86","author":"N Hooftman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hooftman, N., Messagie, M., Van Mierlo, J. & Coosemans, T. A review of the European passenger car regulations\u2014Real driving emissions vs local air quality. Sustain. Energy Rev. 86, 1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rser.2018.01.012 (2018).","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"99491_CR51","unstructured":"Office of Research and Development - National Center for Environmental Assessment - RTP Division. Integrated science assessment for oxides of nitrogen\u2014Health criteria. North Carolina, United States Environmental Protection Authority, EPA\/600\/R-15\/068. (Accessed 11 Jul 2021); https:\/\/ofmpub.epa.gov\/eims\/eimscomm.getfile?p_download_id=526855 (2016)."},{"key":"99491_CR52","unstructured":"Instituto Portugu\u00eas do Mar e da Atmosfera. Boletim Climatol\u00f3gico Sazonal, Abril Primavera 2020. Instituto Portugu\u00eas do Mar e da Atmosfera, I.P., Divis\u00e3o de Clima e Altera\u00e7\u00f5es Clim\u00e1ticas, Lisbon, Portugal. https:\/\/www.ipma.pt\/resources.www\/docs\/im.publicacoes\/edicoes.online\/20200619\/GwPEBFfpUDWyulJGBneX\/cli_20200501_20200531_pcl_sz_co_pt.pdf (2020) (in Portuguese)."},{"issue":"3","key":"99491_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2016.07.002","volume":"3","author":"H Khreis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khreis, H. et al. The health impacts of traffic-related exposures in urban areas, understanding real effects, underlying driving forces and co-producing future directions. J. Transp. Health 3(3), 249\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jth.2016.07.002 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"99491_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1525\/elementa.309","volume":"6","author":"DA Jaff","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jaff, D. A. et al. Scientific assessment of background ozone over the U.S., Implications for air quality management. Elementa 6(1), 56. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525\/elementa.309 (2018).","journal-title":"Elementa"},{"key":"99491_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2943","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-2943-2017","volume":"17","author":"M Lin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lin, M., Horowitz, L. W., Payton, R., Fiore, A. M. & Tonnesen, G. S. US surface ozone trends and extremes from 1980 to 2014, Quantifying the roles of rising Asian emissions, domestic controls, wild-fires, and climate. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 17, 2943\u20132970. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-17-2943-2017 (2017).","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"6","key":"99491_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2015.1040526","volume":"65","author":"AM Fiore","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fiore, A. M., Naik, V. & Leibensperger, E. M. Air quality and climate connections. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 65(6), 645\u2013685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10962247.2015.1040526 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"issue":"4","key":"99491_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL072010","volume":"44","author":"DA Jaffe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jaffe, D. A. & Zhang, L. Meteorological anomalies lead to elevated O3 in the western US in June 2015. Geophys. Res. Lett. 44(4), 1990\u20131997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2016GL072010 (2017).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"99491_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1610708114","volume":"114","author":"L Shen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shen, L. & Mickley, L. J. Seasonal prediction of US summertime ozone using statistical analysis of large scale climate patterns. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 114, 2491\u20132496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1610708114 (2017).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"99491_CR59","volume-title":"Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Transport in Europe","author":"European Environment Agency","year":"2019","unstructured":"European Environment Agency. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Transport in Europe (European Environment Agency, 2019)."},{"key":"99491_CR60","unstructured":"Statistics Portugal. Average Temperatura of Air. Instituto Nacional de Estat\u00edstica, Lisbon, Portugal. (Accessed 15 Jul 2020); https:\/\/ine.pt\/xportal\/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&contecto=pi&indOcorrCod=0008273&selTab=tab0 (2020) (in Portuguesse)."},{"key":"99491_CR61","unstructured":"Bhalla, K. et al. Transport for health, The Global burden of disease from motorized Road transport. World Bank Group, Washington, DC. (Accessed 30 Jul 2020). http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/2014\/01\/19308007\/transport-health-global-burden-disease-motorized-road-transport (2014)."},{"issue":"10","key":"99491_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/10\/104009","volume":"9","author":"SE Chambliss","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chambliss, S. E., Silva, R., West, J. J., Zeinali, M. & Minjares, R. Estimating source-attributable health impacts of ambient fine particulate matter exposure, Global premature mortality from surface transportation emissions in 2005. Environ. Res. Lett. 9(10), 104009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/10\/104009 (2014).","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-99491-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-99491-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-99491-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T16:48:27Z","timestamp":1670086107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-021-99491-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["99491"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-99491-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 April 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 October 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"21336"}}