{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T18:42:54Z","timestamp":1775328174103,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642723200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016934","name":"Troms\u00f8 Forskningsstiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Paleo-CIRCUS project 2010\u20132014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Paleo-CIRCUS project 2010\u20132014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016934","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fossil benthic foraminifera are used to trace past methane release linked to climate change. However, it is still debated whether isotopic signatures of living foraminifera from methane-charged sediments reflect incorporation of methane-derived carbon. A deeper understanding of isotopic signatures of living benthic foraminifera from methane-rich environments will help to improve reconstructions of methane release in the past and better predict the impact of future climate warming on methane seepage. Here, we present isotopic signatures (\u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C and \u03b4<jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>O) of foraminiferal calcite together with biogeochemical data from Arctic seep environments from c. 1200\u00a0m water depth, Vestnesa Ridge, 79\u00b0 N, Fram Strait. Lowest \u03b4<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C values were recorded in shells of <jats:italic>Melonis barleeanus<\/jats:italic>, \u2212\u00a05.2\u2030 in live specimens and \u2212\u00a06.5\u2030 in empty shells, from sediments dominated by aerobic (MOx) and anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM), respectively. Our data indicate that foraminifera actively incorporate methane-derived carbon when living in sediments with moderate seepage activity, while in sediments with high seepage activity the poisonous sulfidic environment leads to death of the foraminifera and an overgrowth of their empty shells by methane-derived authigenic carbonates. We propose that the incorporation of methane-derived carbon in living foraminifera occurs via feeding on methanotrophic bacteria and\/or incorporation of ambient dissolved inorganic carbon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05175-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T11:02:41Z","timestamp":1642762961000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Influence of methane seepage on isotopic signatures in living deep-sea benthic foraminifera, 79\u00b0 N"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Melaniuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kamila","family":"Sztybor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Treude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Sommer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tine L.","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"5175_CR1","unstructured":"Stocker, T. F. et al. (eds.). IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 1535 (Cambridge University Press, 2013)."},{"key":"5175_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2010.0065","volume":"368","author":"M Maslin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maslin, M. et al. Gas hydrates: Past and future geohazard?. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A. 368, 2369\u20132393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsta.2010.0065 (2010).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A."},{"key":"5175_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1002\/2016RG000534","volume":"55","author":"CD Ruppel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ruppel, C. D. & Kessler, J. D. The interaction of climate change and methane hydrates. Rev. Geophys. 55, 126\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2016RG000534 (2017).","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"5175_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20596","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800885105","volume":"106","author":"D Archer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Archer, D., Buffett, B. & Brovkin, V. Ocean methane hydrates as a slow tipping point in the global carbon cycle. PNAS 106, 20596\u201320601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0800885105 (2009).","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"5175_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL047222","author":"A Biastoch","year":"2011","unstructured":"Biastoch, A. et al. Rising Arctic Ocean temperatures cause gas hydrate destabilization and ocean acidification. Geophys. Res. Lett. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2011GL047222 (2011).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"5175_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11528","volume":"490","author":"BJ Phrampus","year":"2012","unstructured":"Phrampus, B. J. & Hornbach, M. J. Recent changes to the Gulf Stream causing widespread gas hydrate destabilization. Nature 490, 527\u2013530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature11528 (2012).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5175_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/369282a0","volume":"369","author":"G Wefer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wefer, G., Heinze, P. M. & Berger, W. H. Clues to ancient methane release. Nature 369, 282\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/369282a0 (1994).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5175_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1029\/95PA02087","volume":"10","author":"GR Dickens","year":"1995","unstructured":"Dickens, G. R., O\u2019Neil, J. R., Rea, D. K. & Owen, R. M. Dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate as a cause of the carbon isotope excursion at the end of the Paleocene. Paleoceanography 10, 965\u2013971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/95PA02087 (1995).","journal-title":"Paleoceanography"},{"key":"5175_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(2001)029<0159:Tromhd>2.0.Co;2","volume":"29","author":"AH Jahren","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jahren, A. H., Arens, N. C., Sarmiento, G., Guerrero, J. & Amundson, R. Terrestrial record of methane hydrate dissociation in the Early Cretaceous. Geology 29, 159\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1130\/0091-7613(2001)029%3c0159:Tromhd%3e2.0.Co;2 (2001).","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"5175_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.palwor.2016.06.002","volume":"25","author":"U Brand","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brand, U. et al. Methane hydrate: Killer cause of Earth\u2019s greatest mass extinction. Palaeoworld 25, 496\u2013507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.palwor.2016.06.002 (2016).","journal-title":"Palaeoworld"},{"key":"5175_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002PA000824","author":"ME Torres","year":"2003","unstructured":"Torres, M. E. et al. Is methane venting at the seafloor recorded by \u03b413C of benthic foraminifera shells?. Paleoceanography https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2002PA000824 (2003).","journal-title":"Paleoceanography"},{"key":"5175_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/bor.12202","volume":"46","author":"K Sztybor","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sztybor, K. & Rasmussen, T. L. Diagenetic disturbances of marine sedimentary records from methane-influenced environments in the Fram Strait as indications of variation in seep intensity during the last 35 000 years. Boreas 46, 212\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bor.12202 (2017).","journal-title":"Boreas"},{"key":"5175_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/0033-5894(82)90071-0","volume":"18","author":"WB Curry","year":"1982","unstructured":"Curry, W. B. & Lohmann, G. P. Carbon isotopic changes in benthic foraminifera from the western South Atlantic: Reconstruction of glacial abyssal circulation patterns. Quat. Res. 18, 218\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0033-5894(82)90071-0 (1982).","journal-title":"Quat. Res."},{"key":"5175_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/0033-5894(84)90099-1","volume":"21","author":"J-C Duplessy","year":"1984","unstructured":"Duplessy, J.-C. et al. 13C Record of benthic foraminifera in the last interglacial ocean: Implications for the carbon cycle and the global deep water circulation. Quat. Res. 21, 225\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0033-5894(84)90099-1 (1984).","journal-title":"Quat. Res."},{"key":"5175_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1029\/94PA03056","volume":"10","author":"E Thomas","year":"1995","unstructured":"Thomas, E., Booth, L., Maslin, M. & Shackleton, N. J. Northeastern Atlantic benthic foraminifera during the last 45,000 years: Changes in productivity seen from the bottom up. Paleoceanography 10, 545\u2013562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/94PA03056 (1995).","journal-title":"Paleoceanography"},{"key":"5175_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-8398(00)00005-0","volume":"38","author":"AE Rathburn","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rathburn, A. E., Levin, L. A., Held, Z. & Lohmann, K. C. Benthic foraminifera associated with cold methane seeps on the northern California margin: Ecology and stable isotopic composition. Mar. Micropaleontol. 38, 247\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0377-8398(00)00005-0 (2000).","journal-title":"Mar. Micropaleontol."},{"key":"5175_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2010PA001930","author":"JM Bernhard","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bernhard, J. M., Martin, J. B. & Rathburn, A. E. Combined carbonate carbon isotopic and cellular ultrastructural studies of individual benthic foraminifera: 2. Toward an understanding of apparent disequilibrium in hydrocarbon seeps. Paleoceanography https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2010PA001930 (2010).","journal-title":"Paleoceanography"},{"key":"5175_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2017.03.001","volume":"123","author":"A Schneider","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schneider, A., Cr\u00e9mi\u00e8re, A., Panieri, G., Lepland, A. & Knies, J. Diagenetic alteration of benthic foraminifera from a methane seep site on Vestnesa Ridge (NW Svalbard). Deep Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 123, 22\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsr.2017.03.001 (2017).","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"5175_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3354\/meps231121","volume":"231","author":"H Sahling","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sahling, H., Rickert, D., Lee, R. W., Linke, P. & Suess, E. Macrofaunal community structure and sulfide flux at gas hydrate deposits from the Cascadia convergent margin, NE Pacific. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 231, 121\u2013138 (2002).","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"5175_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1067361","volume":"295","author":"CL van Dover","year":"2002","unstructured":"van Dover, C. L., German, C. R., Speer, K. G., Parson, L. M. & Vrijenhoek, R. C. Evolution and biogeography of deep-sea vent and seep invertebrates. Science 295, 1253\u20131257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1067361 (2002).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"5175_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005PA001196","author":"A Mackensen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mackensen, A., Wollenburg, J. & Licari, L. Low \u03b413C in tests of live epibenthic and endobenthic foraminifera at a site of active methane seepage. Paleoceanography https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2005PA001196 (2006).","journal-title":"Paleoceanography"},{"key":"5175_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-8398(03)00032-X","volume":"49","author":"TM Hill","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hill, T. M., Kennett, J. P. & Spero, H. J. Foraminifera as indicators of methane-rich environments: A study of modern methane seeps in Santa Barbara Channel, California. Mar. Micropaleontol. 49, 123\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0377-8398(03)00032-X (2003).","journal-title":"Mar. Micropaleontol."},{"key":"5175_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margeo.2012.09.012","volume":"332\u2013334","author":"S B\u00fcnz","year":"2012","unstructured":"B\u00fcnz, S., Polyanov, S., Vadakkepuliyambatta, S., Consolaro, C. & Mienert, J. Active gas venting through hydrate-bearing sediments on the Vestnesa Ridge, offshore W-Svalbard. Mar. Geol. 332\u2013334, 189\u2013197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.margeo.2012.09.012 (2012).","journal-title":"Mar. Geol."},{"key":"5175_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL062474","volume":"42","author":"A Plaza-Faverola","year":"2015","unstructured":"Plaza-Faverola, A. et al. Role of tectonic stress in seepage evolution along the gas hydrate-charged Vestnesa Ridge, Fram Strait. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42, 733\u2013742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2014GL062474 (2015).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"5175_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2018.01.020","volume":"91","author":"J Knies","year":"2018","unstructured":"Knies, J. et al. Modelling persistent methane seepage offshore western Svalbard since early Pleistocene. Mar. Pet. Geol. 91, 800\u2013811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2018.01.020 (2018).","journal-title":"Mar. Pet. Geol."},{"key":"5175_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33265\/polar.v38.3310","author":"E Thomsen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thomsen, E. et al. Cold-seep fossil macrofaunal assemblages from Vestnesa Ridge, eastern Fram Strait, during the past 45,000 years. Polar Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33265\/polar.v38.3310 (2019).","journal-title":"Polar Res."},{"key":"5175_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3354\/meps11773","volume":"552","author":"EKL \u00c5str\u00f6m","year":"2016","unstructured":"\u00c5str\u00f6m, E. K. L., Carroll, M. L., Ambrose, W. G. Jr. & Carroll, J. Arctic cold seeps in marine methane hydrate environments: Impacts on shelf macrobenthic community structure offshore Svalbard. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 552, 1\u201318 (2016).","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"5175_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10732","volume":"63","author":"EKL \u00c5str\u00f6m","year":"2018","unstructured":"\u00c5str\u00f6m, E. K. L. et al. Methane cold seeps as biological oases in the high-Arctic deep sea. Limnol. Oceanogr. 63, 209\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lno.10732 (2018).","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"5175_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1130\/g39890.1","volume":"46","author":"T Himmler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Himmler, T. et al. Stromatolites below the photic zone in the northern Arabian Sea formed by calcifying chemotrophic microbial mats. Geology 46, 339\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1130\/g39890.1 (2018).","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"5175_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00765","volume":"6","author":"PA Dessandier","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dessandier, P. A., Borrelli, C., Kalenitchenko, D. & Panieri, G. Benthic foraminifera in arctic methane hydrate bearing sediments. Front. Mar. Sci. 6, 765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmars.2019.00765 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"5175_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s00367-019-00635-6","volume":"40","author":"PA Dessandier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dessandier, P. A., Borrelli, C., Sauer, S. & Yao, H. Foraminiferal \u03b418O reveals gas hydrate dissociation in Arctic and North Atlantic ocean sediments. Geo-Mar. Lett. 40, 507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00367-019-00635-6 (2020).","journal-title":"Geo-Mar. Lett."},{"key":"5175_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2021.587748","author":"K Melaniuk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Melaniuk, K. Effectiveness of fluorescent viability assays in studies of arctic cold seep foraminifera. Front. Mar. Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmars.2021.587748 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"5175_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-0520-9","volume":"7","author":"ML Jakobsson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jakobsson, M. L. et al. The international bathymetric chart of the Arctic Ocean version 4.0. Sci. Data. 7(1), 176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41597-020-0520-9 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Data."},{"key":"5175_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1029\/PA005i002p00161","volume":"5","author":"DC McCorkle","year":"1990","unstructured":"McCorkle, D. C., Keigwin, L. D., Corliss, B. H. & Emerson, S. R. The influence of microhabitats on the carbon isotopic composition of deep-sea benthic foraminifera. Paleoceanography 5, 161\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/PA005i002p00161 (1990).","journal-title":"Paleoceanography"},{"key":"5175_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-821X(02)00733-1","volume":"201","author":"ME Torres","year":"2002","unstructured":"Torres, M. E. et al. Fluid and chemical fluxes in and out of sediments hosting methane hydrate deposits on Hydrate Ridge, OR, I: Hydrological provinces. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 201, 525\u2013540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0012-821X(02)00733-1 (2002).","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"5175_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3354\/meps264001","volume":"264","author":"T Treude","year":"2003","unstructured":"Treude, T., Boetius, A., Knittel, K., Wallmann, K. & J\u00f8rgensen, B. Anaerobic oxidation of methane above gas hydrates at Hydrate Ridge, NE Pacific Ocean. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 264, 1\u201314 (2003).","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"5175_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05227","volume":"443","author":"H Niemann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Niemann, H. et al. Novel microbial communities of the Haakon Mosby mud volcano and their role as a methane sink. Nature 443, 854\u2013858. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature05227 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"5175_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/01490451.2013.834007","volume":"31","author":"S Krause","year":"2014","unstructured":"Krause, S., Aloisi, G., Engel, A., Liebetrau, V. & Treude, T. Enhanced calcite dissolution in the presence of the aerobic methanotroph Methylosinus trichosporium. Geomicrobiol. J. 31, 325\u2013337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01490451.2013.834007 (2014).","journal-title":"Geomicrobiol. J."},{"key":"5175_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14145","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14145","volume":"8","author":"T Toyofuku","year":"2017","unstructured":"Toyofuku, T. et al. Proton pumping accompanies calcification in foraminifera. Nat. Commun. 8, 14145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms14145 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"5175_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21500","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906636106","volume":"106","author":"S Bentov","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bentov, S., Brownlee, C. & Erez, J. The role of seawater endocytosis in the biomineralization process in calcareous foraminifera. PNAS 106, 21500\u201321504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0906636106 (2009).","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"5175_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4353","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-9-4353-2012","volume":"9","author":"T Ishimura","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ishimura, T. et al. Variation in stable carbon and oxygen isotopes of individual benthic foraminifera: Tracers for quantifying the magnitude of isotopic disequilibrium. Biogeosciences 9, 4353\u20134367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/bg-9-4353-2012 (2012).","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"5175_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1029\/1999PA000454","volume":"16","author":"JE Wollenburg","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wollenburg, J. E., Kuhnt, W. & Mackensen, A. Changes in Arctic Ocean paleoproductivity and hydrography during the last 145 kyr: The benthic foraminiferal record. Paleoceanography 16, 65\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/1999PA000454 (2001).","journal-title":"Paleoceanography"},{"key":"5175_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-16-2221-2019","volume":"16","author":"H Yao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yao, H. et al. Fracture-controlled fluid transport supports microbial methane-oxidizing communities at Vestnesa Ridge. Biogeosciences 16, 2221\u20132232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/bg-16-2221-2019 (2019).","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"5175_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(84)90406-X","volume":"48","author":"EL Grossman","year":"1984","unstructured":"Grossman, E. L. Carbon isotopic fractionation in live benthic foraminifera\u2013comparison with inorganic precipitate studies. Geochim-Cosmochim. Acta. 48, 1505\u20131512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0016-7037(84)90406-X (1984).","journal-title":"Geochim-Cosmochim. Acta."},{"key":"5175_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-821X(85)90162-1","volume":"74","author":"DC McCorkle","year":"1985","unstructured":"McCorkle, D. C., Emerson, S. R. & Quay, P. D. Stable carbon isotopes in marine porewaters. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 74, 13\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0012-821X(85)90162-1 (1985).","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"5175_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marmicro.2005.09.004","volume":"58","author":"C Fontanier","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fontanier, C. et al. Stable oxygen and carbon isotopes of live benthic foraminifera from the Bay of Biscay: Microhabitat impact and seasonal variability. Mar. Micropaleontol. 58, 159\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marmicro.2005.09.004 (2006).","journal-title":"Mar. Micropaleontol."},{"key":"5175_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2113\/gsjfr.19.2.153","volume":"19","author":"GF Lutze","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lutze, G. F. & Thiel, H. Epibenthic foraminifera from elevated microhabitats; Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi and Planulina ariminensis. J. Foraminiferal Res. 19, 153\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2113\/gsjfr.19.2.153 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Foraminiferal Res."},{"key":"5175_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr.2009.02.004","volume":"56","author":"JE Wollenburg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wollenburg, J. E. & Mackensen, A. The ecology and distribution of benthic foraminifera at the H\u00e5kon Mosby mud volcano (SW Barents Sea slope). Deep Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 56, 1336\u20131370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsr.2009.02.004 (2009).","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. Part I Oceanogr. Res. Pap."},{"key":"5175_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marmicro.2006.06.007","volume":"62","author":"BK Sen Gupta","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sen Gupta, B. K., Smith, L. E. & Lobegeier, M. K. Attachment of Foraminifera to vestimentiferan tubeworms at cold seeps: Refuge from seafloor hypoxia and sulfide toxicity. Mar. Micropaleontol. 62, 1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marmicro.2006.06.007 (2007).","journal-title":"Mar. Micropaleontol."},{"key":"5175_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marmicro.2015.04.003","volume":"117","author":"JE Wollenburg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wollenburg, J. E., Raitzsch, M. & Tiedemann, R. Novel high-pressure culture experiments on deep-sea benthic foraminifera\u2014Evidence for methane seepage-related \u03b413C of Cibicides wuellerstorfi. Mar. Micropaleontol. 117, 47\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marmicro.2015.04.003 (2015).","journal-title":"Mar. Micropaleontol."},{"key":"5175_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/2013PA002457","volume":"29","author":"JC Herguera","year":"2014","unstructured":"Herguera, J. C., Paull, C. K., Perez, E., Ussler, W. III. & Peltzer, E. Limits to the sensitivity of living benthic foraminifera to pore water carbon isotope anomalies in methane vent environments. Paleoceanography 29, 273\u2013289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2013PA002457 (2014).","journal-title":"Paleoceanography"},{"key":"5175_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3354\/meps169077","volume":"169","author":"L Moodley","year":"1998","unstructured":"Moodley, L., Schaub, B. E. M., van der Zwaan, G. J. & Herman, P. M. J. Tolerance of benthic foraminifera (Protista: Sarcodina) to hydrogen sulphide. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 169, 77\u201386 (1998).","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"5175_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2015.09.007","volume":"147","author":"K Werner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Werner, K. et al. Holocene sea subsurface and surface water masses in the Fram Strait\u2014Comparisons of temperature and sea-ice reconstructions. Quat. Sci. Rev. 147, 194\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.quascirev.2015.09.007 (2016).","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"5175_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ravelo, A. C. & Hillaire-Marcel, C. In Developments in Marine Geology Vol. 1 (eds Hillaire\u2013Marcel, C. & De Vernal, A.) 735\u2013764 (Elsevier, 2007).","DOI":"10.1016\/S1572-5480(07)01023-8"},{"key":"5175_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5463.128","volume":"288","author":"JP Kennett","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kennett, J. P., Cannariato, K. G., Hendy, I. L. & Behl, R. J. Carbon isotopic evidence for methane hydrate instability during quaternary interstadials. Science 288, 128\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.288.5463.128 (2000).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"5175_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2010PA001993","author":"MS Cook","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cook, M. S., Keigwin, L. D., Birgel, D. & Hinrichs, K.-U. Repeated pulses of vertical methane flux recorded in glacial sediments from the southeast Bering Sea. Paleoceanography https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2010PA001993 (2011).","journal-title":"Paleoceanography"},{"key":"5175_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marmicro.2012.06.001","volume":"9495","author":"J Sch\u00f6nfeld","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6nfeld, J. et al. The FOBIMO (FOraminiferal BIo-MOnitoring) initiative\u2014Towards a standardised protocol for soft-bottom benthic foraminiferal monitoring studies. Mar. Micropaleontol. 9495, 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marmicro.2012.06.001 (2012).","journal-title":"Mar. Micropaleontol."},{"key":"5175_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1969.14.3.0454","volume":"14","author":"JD Cline","year":"1969","unstructured":"Cline, J. D. Spectrophotometric determination of hydrogen sulfide in natural waters. Limnol. Oceanogr. 14, 454\u2013458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4319\/lo.1969.14.3.0454 (1969).","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"5175_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3354\/meps07956","volume":"382","author":"S Sommer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sommer, S. et al. Seabed methane emissions and the habitat of frenulate tubeworms on the Captain Arutyunov mud volcano (Gulf of Cadiz). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 382, 69\u201386 (2009).","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"5175_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u00f8rgensen, B. B. A comparison of methods for the quantification of bacterial sulfate reduction in coastal marine sediments (1978).","DOI":"10.1080\/01490457809377722"},{"key":"5175_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2019JG005371","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JG005371","volume":"125","author":"T Treude","year":"2020","unstructured":"Treude, T. et al. Biogeochemical consequences of nonvertical methane transport in sediment offshore northwestern Svalbard. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 125, e2019JG005371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2019JG005371 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"5175_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.4319\/lom.2004.2.171","volume":"2","author":"J Kallmeyer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kallmeyer, J., Ferdelman, T. G., Weber, A., Fossing, H. & J\u00f8rgensen, B. B. A cold chromium distillation procedure for radiolabeled sulfide applied to sulfate reduction measurements. Limnol. Oceanogr-Meth. 2, 171\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4319\/lom.2004.2.171 (2004).","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr-Meth."},{"key":"5175_CR63","first-page":"203","volume":"219","author":"NJ Shackleton","year":"1974","unstructured":"Shackleton, N. J. Attainment of isotopic equilibrium between ocean water and the benthonic foraminifera genus Unigerina: Isotopic changes in the ocean during the last glacial. NCSR. 219, 203\u2013209 (1974).","journal-title":"NCSR."},{"key":"5175_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2006PA001290","author":"JM Bernhard","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bernhard, J. M., Ostermann, D. R., Williams, D. S. & Blanks, J. K. Comparison of two methods to identify live benthic foraminifera: A test between Rose Bengal and Cell Tracker Green with implications for stable isotope paleoreconstructions. Paleoceanography https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2006PA001290 (2006).","journal-title":"Paleoceanography"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-05175-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-05175-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-05175-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T21:31:40Z","timestamp":1669325500000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-05175-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5175"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-05175-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 May 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 January 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1169"}}