{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T20:09:42Z","timestamp":1774555782070,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]],"date-time":"2022-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647475200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]],"date-time":"2022-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BPD\/109148\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BPD\/109148\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/BIA-MIC\/27995\/2017 POCI01-0145- FEDER-027995"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/BIA-MIC\/27995\/2017 POCI01-0145- FEDER-027995"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DL57\/2016\/CP1440\/CT0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DL57\/2016\/CP1440\/CT0009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"BIOPOLIS European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme","award":["Grant Agreement Number 857251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant Agreement Number 857251"]}]},{"name":"FCT under the Programa Operacional Potencial Humano \u2013 Quadro de Refer\u00eancia Estrat\u00e9gico Nacional funds from the European Social Fund and Portuguese Minist\u00e9rio da Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Ci\u00eancia","award":["2020.00854.CEECIND\/CP1601\/CT0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.00854.CEECIND\/CP1601\/CT0001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Natural history museum collections hold extremely rare, extinct species often described from a single known specimen. On occasions, rediscoveries open new opportunities to understand selective forces acting on phenotypic traits. Recent rediscovery of few individuals of Bocourt\u00b4s Terrific Skink <jats:italic>Phoboscincus bocourti<\/jats:italic>, from a small and remote islet in New Caledonia allowed to genetically identify a species of land crab in its diet. To explore this further, we CT- and MRI-scanned the head of the holotype, the only preserved specimen dated to about\u00a01870, segmented the adductor muscles of the jaw and bones, and estimated bite force through biomechanical models. These data were compared with those gathered for 332 specimens belonging to 44 other skink species. Thereafter we recorded the maximum force needed to generate mechanical failure of the exoskeleton of a crab specimen. The bite force is greater than the prey hardness<jats:italic>,<\/jats:italic> suggesting that predation on hard-shelled crabs may be an important driver of performance. The high bite force seems crucial to overcome low or seasonal variations in resource availability in these extreme insular environments. <jats:italic>Phoboscincus bocourti<\/jats:italic> appears to be an apex predator in a remote and harsh environment and the only skink known to predate on hard-shelled land crabs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08148-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]],"date-time":"2022-03-17T14:04:48Z","timestamp":1647525888000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Terrific Skink bite force suggests insularity as a likely driver to exceptional resource use"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Jowers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yuri","family":"Simone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Herrel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M. Pilar","family":"Cabezas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Xavier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Magaly","family":"Holden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Renaud","family":"Boistel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Santin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stephane","family":"Caut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Renoir J.","family":"Auguste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Arie","family":"van der Meijden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Franco","family":"Andreone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Ineich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"8148_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-6426-9_5","volume-title":"Conservation Biology","author":"TJ Case","year":"1992","unstructured":"Case, T. J., Bolger, D. T. & Richman, A. D. Reptilian extinctions: The last ten thousand years. In Conservation Biology (eds Fiedler, P. L. & Jain, S. K.) 91\u2013125 (Springer, 1992)."},{"key":"8148_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s12045-019-0924-z","volume":"25","author":"KR Shivanna","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shivanna, K. R. The sixth mass extinction crisis and its impact on biodiversity and human welfare. Resonance 25, 93\u2013109 (2020).","journal-title":"Resonance"},{"key":"8148_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ceballos, G., Ehrlich, P. R., Barnosky, A. D., Garc\u00eda, A., Pringle, R. M. & Palmer, T. M. Accelerated modern human\u2013induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction. Sci. Adv. 1, (2015)","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1400253"},{"key":"8148_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1890\/1540-9295(2006)4[473:CSAYRC]2.0.CO;2","volume":"4","author":"JJ Lawler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lawler, J. J. et al. Conservation science: A 20-year report card. Front. Ecol. Environ. 4, 473\u2013480 (2006).","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"8148_CR5","volume-title":"Tropical Conservation Biology","author":"NS Sodhi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sodhi, N. S., Brook, B. W. & Bradshaw, C. J. A. Tropical Conservation Biology (Wiley-Blackwell, 2007)."},{"key":"8148_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022531","volume":"6","author":"BR Scheffers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Scheffers, B. R., Yong, D. L., Harris, J. B. C., Giam, X. & Sodhi, N. S. The world\u2019s rediscovered species: Back from the brink?. PLoS ONE 6, 1\u20138 (2011).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"8148_CR7","unstructured":"Ineich I. Bocourt\u2019s terrific skink, Phoboscincus bocourti Brocchi, 1876 (Squamata, Scincidae, Lygosominae). In 7. Biodiversity studies in New Caledonia.M\u00e9moires du Mus\u00e9um National d\u2019Histoire Naturelle (ed. Grancolas, P.) vol. 198, 149\u2013174, Mus\u00e9um National d\u2019Histoire Naturelle, (2009)."},{"key":"8148_CR8","first-page":"4","volume":"312","author":"M Holden","year":"2018","unstructured":"Holden, M. & Ineich, I. scinque terrifiant terrifi\u00e9. Le Courrier de la Nat. 312, 4 (2018).","journal-title":"Le Courrier de la Nat."},{"key":"8148_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadlier, R. A., Deuss, M., Bauer, A. M. & Jourdan, H. Kuniesaurus albiauris, a new genus and species of scincid lizard from the \u00cele des Pins, New Caledonia, with comments on the diversity and affinities of the region\u2019s lizard fauna. Pac. Sci. 73, 123\u2013141 (2019).","DOI":"10.2984\/73.1.6"},{"key":"8148_CR10","unstructured":"Bauer, A. M. & Sadlier, R. A. Lizard discoveries and rediscoveries in the New Caledonian region. In Flores, O., Ah-Peng, C., & Wilding, N. Island Biology 2019. Third International Conference on Island Ecology, Evolution and Conservation: Book of Abstracts. Island Biology 2019, Jul 2019, Saint Denis, France. 2020. ffhal-02633975v2 243 (2019)."},{"key":"8148_CR11","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Zoologia Neocaledonica 8. Biodiversity studies in New Caledonia. M\u00e9moires du Mus\u00e9um National d\u2019Histoire Naturelle","author":"I Ineich","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ineich, I., Sadlier, R. A., Bauer, A. M., Jackman, T. R. & Smith, S. A. Bocourt\u2019s terrific skink, Phoboscincus bocourti (Brocchi, 1876), and the monophyly of the genus Phoboscincus Greer, 1974. In Zoologia Neocaledonica 8. Biodiversity studies in New Caledonia. M\u00e9moires du Mus\u00e9um National d\u2019Histoire Naturelle (eds Guilbert, E. et al.) 69\u201378 Mus\u00e9um National d\u2019Histoire naturelle, (2014)."},{"key":"8148_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caut, S., Holden, M., Jowers, M. J., Boistel, R. & Ineich, I. Is Bocourt\u2019s terrific skink really so terrific? Trophic myth and reality. PLoS One 8, e78638 (2013).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078638"},{"key":"8148_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/bij.12290","volume":"112","author":"K Sagonas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sagonas, K. et al. Insularity affects head morphology, bite force and diet in a Mediterranean lizard. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 112, 469\u2013484 (2014).","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"8148_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16055","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34284-z","volume":"8","author":"W-H Tseng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tseng, W.-H. et al. Opsin gene expression regulated by testosterone level in a sexually dimorphic lizard. Sci. Rep. 8, 16055 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"8148_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1093\/biolinnean\/blaa190","volume":"132","author":"V Avramo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Avramo, V. et al. Evaluating the island effect on phenotypic evolution in the Italian wall lizard, Podarcis siculus (Reptilia: Lacertidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 132, 655\u2013665 (2021).","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"8148_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/jzo.12783","volume":"311","author":"HH Siliceo-Cantero","year":"2020","unstructured":"Siliceo-Cantero, H. H., Ben\u00edtez-Malvido, J. & Suazo-Ortu\u00f1o, I. Insularity effects on the morphological space and sexual dimorphism of a tropical tree lizard in western Mexico. J. Zool. 311, 277\u2013285 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"8148_CR17","first-page":"193","volume":"44","author":"V P\u00e9rez-Mellado","year":"1993","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Mellado, V. & Corti, C. Dietary adaptations and herbivory in lacertid lizards of the genus Podarcis from western Mediterranean islands (Reptilia: Sauria). Bonner Zool. Beitr\u00e4ge 44, 193\u2013220 (1993).","journal-title":"Bonner Zool. Beitr\u00e4ge"},{"key":"8148_CR18","first-page":"146","volume":"138","author":"AM Castilla","year":"2008","unstructured":"Castilla, A. M., Vanhooydonck, B. & Catenazzi, A. Feeding behavior of the Columbretes lizard Podarcis atrata, in relation to the marine species, Ligia italica (Isopoda, Crustaceae). Belgian J. Zool. 138, 146\u2013148 (2008).","journal-title":"Belgian J. Zool."},{"key":"8148_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2008.09.005","volume":"73","author":"AM Castilla","year":"2009","unstructured":"Castilla, A. M. & Herrel, A. The scorpion Buthus occitanus as a profitable prey for the endemic lizard Podarcis atrata in the volcanic Columbretes islands (Mediterranean, Spain). J. Arid Environ. 73, 378\u2013380 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"8148_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.2307\/1565584","volume":"33","author":"R Van Damme","year":"1999","unstructured":"Van Damme, R. Evolution of herbivory in lacertid lizards: Effects of insularity and body size. J. Herpetol. 33, 663 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Herpetol."},{"key":"8148_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-009-0564-3","volume":"96","author":"P Pafilis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pafilis, P., Meiri, S., Foufopoulos, J. & Valakos, E. Intraspecific competition and high food availability are associated with insular gigantism in a lizard. Naturwissenschaften 96, 1107\u20131113 (2009).","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"8148_CR22","first-page":"179","volume":"11","author":"DC D\u2019Amore","year":"2018","unstructured":"D\u2019Amore, D. C. et al. Increasing dietary breadth through allometry: Bite forces in sympatric Australian skinks. Herpetol. Notes 11, 179\u2013187 (2018).","journal-title":"Herpetol. Notes"},{"key":"8148_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1093\/biolinnean\/blaa091","volume":"131","author":"M Taverne","year":"2020","unstructured":"Taverne, M. et al. Proximate and ultimate drivers of variation in bite force in the insular lizards Podarcis melisellensis and Podarcis sicula. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 131, 88\u2013108 (2020).","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"8148_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1641\/B570706","volume":"57","author":"JG Kingsolver","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kingsolver, J. G. & Pfennig, D. W. Patterns and power of phenotypic selection in nature. Bioscience 57, 561\u2013572 (2007).","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"8148_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.13024","volume":"29","author":"Y Itescu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Itescu, Y., Foufopoulos, J., Pafilis, P. & Meiri, S. The diverse nature of island isolation and its effect on land bridge insular faunas. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 29, 262\u2013280 (2020).","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"8148_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1086\/285858","volume":"147","author":"GA Polis","year":"1996","unstructured":"Polis, G. A. & Hurd, S. D. Linking marine and terrestrial food webs: Allochthonous input from the ocean supports high secondary productivity on small islands and coastal land communities. Am. Nat. 147, 396\u2013423 (1996).","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"8148_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.12550","volume":"30","author":"CM Donihue","year":"2016","unstructured":"Donihue, C. M., Brock, K. M., Foufopoulos, J. & Herrel, A. Feed or fight: Testing the impact of food availability and intraspecific aggression on the functional ecology of an island lizard. Funct. Ecol. 30, 566\u2013575 (2016).","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"8148_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1890\/14-1996.1","volume":"96","author":"A Runemark","year":"2015","unstructured":"Runemark, A., Sagonas, K. & Svensson, E. I. Ecological explanations to island gigantism: Dietary niche divergence, predation, and size in an endemic lizard. Ecology 96, 2077\u20132092 (2015).","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"8148_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2435.2002.00696.x","volume":"16","author":"D Verwaijen","year":"2002","unstructured":"Verwaijen, D., Van Damme, R. & Herrel, A. Relationships between head size, bite force, prey handling efficiency and diet in two sympatric lacertid lizards. Funct. Ecol. 16, 842\u2013850 (2002).","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"8148_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1420-9101.2002.00459.x","volume":"15","author":"A Herrel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Herrel, A., O\u2019Reilly, J. C. & Richmond, A. M. Evolution of bite performance in turtles. J. Evol. Biol. 15, 1083\u20131094 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"8148_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-004-1558-7","volume":"140","author":"A Herrel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Herrel, A., Vanhooydonck, B., Joachim, R. & Irschick, D. J. Frugivory in polychrotid lizards: Effects of body size. Oecologia 140, 160\u2013168 (2004).","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"8148_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2004.00758.x","volume":"17","author":"A Herrel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Herrel, A., Vanhooydonck, B. & Van Damme, R. Omnivory in lacertid lizards: Adaptive evolution or constraint?. J. Evol. Biol. 17, 974\u2013984 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"8148_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0269-8463.2005.00923.x","volume":"19","author":"A Herrel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Herrel, A., Podos, J., Huber, S. K. & Hendry, A. P. Bite performance and morphology in a population of Darwin\u2019s finches: Implications for the evolution of beak shape. Funct. Ecol. 19, 43\u201348 (2005).","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"8148_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2004.00857.x","volume":"18","author":"A Herrel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Herrel, A., Podos, J., Huber, S. K. & Hendry, A. P. Evolution of bite force in Darwin\u2019s finches: A key role for head width. J. Evol. Biol. 18, 669\u2013675 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"8148_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2435.2003.00721.x","volume":"17","author":"LF Aguirre","year":"2003","unstructured":"Aguirre, L. F., Herrel, A., Van Damme, R. & MatThysen, E. The implications of food hardness for diet in bats. Funct. Ecol. 17, 201\u2013212 (2003).","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"8148_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2008.01.002","volume":"111","author":"A Herrel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Herrel, A. & Holanova, V. Cranial morphology and bite force in Chamaeleolis lizards\u2014Adaptations to molluscivory?. Zoology 111, 467\u2013475 (2008).","journal-title":"Zoology"},{"key":"8148_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.2307\/1565956","volume":"35","author":"AE Greer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Greer, A. E. Distribution of maximum snout-vent length among species of scincid lizards. J. Herpetol. 35, 383 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Herpetol."},{"key":"8148_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511753428","volume-title":"Biology of the Land Crabs","author":"WW Burggren","year":"1988","unstructured":"Burggren, W. W. & McMahon, B. R. Biology of the Land Crabs,\u00a0Cambridge University Press, (1988)."},{"key":"8148_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grubb, P. Ecology of terrestrial decapod crustaceans on Aldabra. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 260, 411\u2013416 (1971)","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1971.0020"},{"key":"8148_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051810303","volume":"181","author":"LE Wineski","year":"1984","unstructured":"Wineski, L. E. & Gans, C. Morphological basis of the feeding mechanics in the shingle-back lizard Trachydosaurus rugosus (Scincidae, Reptilia). J. Morphol. 181, 271\u2013295 (1984).","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"8148_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herrel, A., Verstappen, M. & De Vree, F. Modulatory complexity of the feeding repertoire in scincid lizards. J. Comp. Physiol. A Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol. 184, 501\u2013518 (1999).","DOI":"10.1007\/s003590050350"},{"key":"8148_CR42","first-page":"1","volume":"48","author":"A Herrel","year":"1998","unstructured":"Herrel, A., Aerts, P. & De Vree, F. Ecomorphology of the lizard feeding apparatus: A modelling approach. Neth. J. Zool. 48, 1\u201325 (1998).","journal-title":"Neth. J. Zool."},{"key":"8148_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511753428.003","volume-title":"Biology of the Land Crabs","author":"RG Hartnoll","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hartnoll, R. G. Evolution, systematics, and geographical distribution. In Biology of the Land Crabs (eds Burggren, W. W. & McMahon, B. R.) 6\u201354, (Cambridge University Press, 1988)."},{"key":"8148_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/s004420000570","volume":"127","author":"M Ben-David","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ben-David, M. & Schell, D. M. Mixing models in analyses of diet using multiple stable isotopes: A response. Oecologia 127, 180\u2013184 (2001).","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"8148_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1139\/Z08-012","volume":"86","author":"S Caut","year":"2008","unstructured":"Caut, S., Angulo, E. & Courchamp, F. Caution on isotopic model use for analyses of consumer diet. Can. J. Zool. 86, 438\u2013445 (2008).","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"8148_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1086\/651585","volume":"83","author":"RW Warne","year":"2010","unstructured":"Warne, R. W., Gilman, C. A. & Wolf, B. O. Tissue-carbon incorporation rates in lizards: Implications for ecological studies using stable isotopes in terrestrial ectotherms. Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 83, 608\u2013617 (2010).","journal-title":"Physiol. Biochem. Zool."},{"key":"8148_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.7410","volume":"30","author":"R Steinitz","year":"2016","unstructured":"Steinitz, R., Lemm, J. M., Pasachnik, S. A. & Kurle, C. M. Diet-tissue stable isotope (\u039413C and \u039415N) discrimination factors for multiple tissues from terrestrial reptiles. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 30, 9\u201321 (2016).","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"8148_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1080\/10256016.2016.1154854","volume":"52","author":"M Lattanzio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lattanzio, M. & Miles, D. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope discrimination and turnover in a small-bodied insectivorous lizard. Isot. Environ. Health Stud. 52, 673\u2013681 (2016).","journal-title":"Isot. Environ. Health Stud."},{"key":"8148_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coaa001","volume":"8","author":"AM Durso","year":"2020","unstructured":"Durso, A. M., Smith, G. D., Hudson, S. B. & French, S. S. Stoichiometric and stable isotope ratios of wild lizards in an urban landscape vary with reproduction, physiology, space and time. Conserv. Physiol. 8, 1\u201314 (2020).","journal-title":"Conserv. Physiol."},{"key":"8148_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warne, R. W. & Wolf, B. O. Nitrogen stable isotope turnover and discrimination in lizards. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 35, e9030 (2021).","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.9030"},{"key":"8148_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1163\/156854298X00183","volume":"48","author":"P Aerts","year":"1997","unstructured":"Aerts, P., De Vree, F. & Herrel, A. Ecomorphology of the lizard feeding apparatus: A modelling approach. Neth. J. Zool. 48, 1\u201325 (1997).","journal-title":"Neth. J. Zool."},{"key":"8148_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icm014","volume":"47","author":"A Herrel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Herrel, A., Schaerlaeken, V., Meyers, J. J., Metzger, K. A. & Ross, C. F. The evolution of cranial design and performance in squamates: Consequences of skull-bone reduction on feeding behavior. Integr. Comp. Biol. 47, 107\u2013117 (2007).","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"key":"8148_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.2316-9079.v18i1p47-62","volume":"18","author":"A Beuttner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beuttner, A. & Koch, C. Analysis of diet composition and morphological characters of the Peruvian lizard Microlophus stolzmanni (Squamata: Tropiduridae). Phyllomedusa J. Herpetol. 18, 47\u201362 (2019).","journal-title":"Phyllomedusa J. Herpetol."},{"key":"8148_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00015.x","volume":"244","author":"A Herrel","year":"1998","unstructured":"Herrel, A., Aerts, P. & Vree, D. Static biting in lizards: Functional morphology of the temporal ligaments. J. Zool. 244, 135\u2013143 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"8148_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1071\/AJZS031","volume":"22","author":"A Greer","year":"1974","unstructured":"Greer, A. The genetic relationships of the scincid lizard genus Leiolopisma and its relatives. Aust. J. Zool. Suppl. Ser. 22, 1\u201367 (1974).","journal-title":"Aust. J. Zool. Suppl. Ser."},{"key":"8148_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.4504.2.1","volume":"4504","author":"MH Shirley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shirley, M. H., Carr, A. N., Nestler, J. H., Vliet, K. A. & Brochu, C. A. Systematic revision of the living African slender-snouted crocodiles (Mecistops Gray, 1844). Zootaxa 4504, 151 (2018).","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"8148_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.5179\/benthos.72.83","volume":"72","author":"S Yoshioka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yoshioka, S. & Kimura, T. What does the red-eared slider eat on the tidal flats? Comparing the diet of the invasive alien species Trachemys scripta elegans inhabiting the tidal flat and freshwaters. Jpn. J. Benthol. 72, 83\u201393 (2018).","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Benthol."},{"key":"8148_CR58","unstructured":"Bernal, S. & Magda, S. An\u00e1lisis de los contenidos estomacales de las tortugas y cachirres de la Reserva Natural Privada de la Sociedad Civil Bojonawi (Puerto Carre\u00f1o, Vichada). (Bogot\u00e1: Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n de Recursos Biol\u00f3gicos Alexander von Humboldt, 2020)."},{"key":"8148_CR59","volume-title":"Homalopsid Snakes, Evolution in the Mud","author":"JC Murphy","year":"2007","unstructured":"Murphy, J. C. Homalopsid Snakes, Evolution in the Mud (Krieger Publishing Company, 2007)."},{"key":"8148_CR60","first-page":"195","volume":"3","author":"PZ Chen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen, P. Z. An observation of crab predation by a Gerard\u2019s water snake, Gerarda prevostiana (Reptilia: Squamata: Homalopsidae) in the wild at Sungei Buloh, Singapore. Nat. Singap. 3, 195\u2013197 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Singap."},{"key":"8148_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/418143a","volume":"418","author":"BC Jayne","year":"2002","unstructured":"Jayne, B. C., Voris, H. K. & Ng, P. K. L. Snake circumvents constraints on prey size. Nature 418, 143\u2013143 (2002).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8148_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1093\/biolinnean\/bly007","volume":"123","author":"BC Jayne","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jayne, B. C., Voris, H. K. & Ng, P. K. L. How big is too big? Using crustacean-eating snakes (Homalopsidae) to test how anatomy and behaviour affect prey size and feeding performance. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 123, 636\u2013650 (2018).","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"8148_CR63","first-page":"107","volume":"22","author":"JC Murphy","year":"2002","unstructured":"Murphy, J. C. & Voris, H. K. Aquatic snakes with crustacean-eating habits elude herpetologists for two centuries. Litt. Serpentium 22, 107\u2013114 (2002).","journal-title":"Litt. Serpentium"},{"key":"8148_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1080\/00222930110062642","volume":"36","author":"HK Voris","year":"2002","unstructured":"Voris, H. K. & Murphy, J. C. The prey and predators of Homalopsine snakes. J. Nat. Hist. 36, 1621\u20131632 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Nat. Hist."},{"key":"8148_CR65","first-page":"117","volume":"19","author":"L Wai-Neng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wai-Neng, L. & Melville, D. S. Notes on the feeding of Enhydris bennetti (Gray) (Reptilia, Squamata, Colubridae) in Hong Kong. Mem. Hong Kong Nat. Hist. Soc. 19, 117 (2020).","journal-title":"Mem. Hong Kong Nat. Hist. Soc."},{"key":"8148_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.17161\/randa.v27i2.14105","volume":"27","author":"Y L\u00f3pez-Hurtado","year":"2020","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Hurtado, Y., Garc\u00eda-Padr\u00f3n, L. Y., Gonz\u00e1lez, A., D\u00edaz, L. M. & Rodr\u00edguez-Cabrera, T. M. Notes on the feeding habits of the Caribbean watersnake, Tretanorhinus variabilis (Dipsadidae). Reptil. Amphib. 27, 147\u2013153 (2020).","journal-title":"Reptil. Amphib."},{"key":"8148_CR67","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"ND Gripshover","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gripshover, N. D. & Jayne, B. C. Crayfish eating in snakes: Testing how anatomy and behavior affect prey size and feeding performance. Integr. Org. Biol. 3, 1\u201316 (2021).","journal-title":"Integr. Org. Biol."},{"key":"8148_CR68","unstructured":"Naish, D. The Madagascan skink Amphiglossus eats crabs. Sci. Am. Blog Netw. https:\/\/blogs.scientificamerican.com\/tetrapod-zoology\/the-madagascan-skink-amphiglossus-eats-crabs\/ (2016)."},{"key":"8148_CR69","unstructured":"Hediger, H. Beitrag zur herpetologie und zoogeographie Neu Britanniens und einiger umliegender gebiete. Zool. Jahrb\u00fccher. Abteilung f\u00fcr Syst. Geogr. und Biol. der Tiere 65, 441\u2013582 (1934)."},{"key":"8148_CR70","volume-title":"Reptiles of the Solomon Islands","author":"MW McCoy","year":"2006","unstructured":"McCoy, M. W. Reptiles of the Solomon Islands,\u00a0(Pensoft Publishers, 2006)."},{"key":"8148_CR71","first-page":"506","volume":"50","author":"WS Huang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Huang, W. S. Ecology and reproductive patterns of the littoral skink Emoia atrocostata on an East Asian tropical rainforest island. Zool. Stud. 50, 506\u2013512 (2011).","journal-title":"Zool. Stud."},{"issue":"12","key":"8148_CR72","first-page":"36","volume":"2","author":"C Anderson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Anderson, C. Decapod crustacean species of Aride Island, Seychelles. Phelsuma 2(12), 36\u201349 (1994).","journal-title":"Phelsuma"},{"key":"8148_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paulay, G. & Starmer, J. Evolution, insular restriction, and extinction of oceanic land crabs, exemplified by the loss of an endemic Geograpsus in the Hawaiian Islands. PLoS ONE 6, e19916 (2011).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019916"},{"key":"8148_CR74","first-page":"79","volume":"125","author":"J Cleuren","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cleuren, J., Aerts, P. & de Vree, F. Bite and joint force analysis in Caiman crocodilus. Belgian J. Zool. 125, 79\u201394 (1995).","journal-title":"Belgian J. Zool."},{"key":"8148_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12746","volume":"232","author":"JJ Meyers","year":"2018","unstructured":"Meyers, J. J., Nishikawa, K. C. & Herrel, A. The evolution of bite force in horned lizards: The influence of dietary specialization. J. Anat. 232, 214\u2013226 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"8148_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1163\/156854295X00203","volume":"46","author":"R Van Damme","year":"1995","unstructured":"Van Damme, R., De Vree, F. & Herrel, A. Sexual dimorphism of head size in Podarcis hispanica atrata: Testing the dietary divergence hypothesis by bite force analysis. Neth. J. Zool. 46, 253\u2013262 (1995).","journal-title":"Neth. J. Zool."},{"key":"8148_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2013.0216","volume":"10","author":"F Gr\u00f6ning","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gr\u00f6ning, F. et al. The importance of accurate muscle modelling for biomechanical analyses: A case study with a lizard skull. J. R. Soc. Interface 10, 1\u201310 (2013).","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"8148_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2010.01563.x","volume":"102","author":"B Vanhooydonck","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vanhooydonck, B., Boistel, R., Fernandez, V. & Herrel, A. Push and bite: Trade-offs between burrowing and biting in a burrowing skink (Acontias percivali). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 102, 91\u201399 (2011).","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"8148_CR79","first-page":"1","volume":"222","author":"S Handschuh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Handschuh, S. et al. Cranial kinesis in the miniaturised lizard Ablepharus kitaibelii (Squamata: Scincidae). J. Exp. Biol. 222, 1\u201315 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"8148_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1093\/biolinnean\/blaa031","volume":"130","author":"M Le Guilloux","year":"2020","unstructured":"Le Guilloux, M. et al. Trade-offs between burrowing and biting force in fossorial scincid lizards?. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 130, 310\u2013319 (2020).","journal-title":"Biol. J. Linn. Soc."},{"key":"8148_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2435.1999.00305.x","volume":"13","author":"A Le Herrel","year":"1999","unstructured":"Herrel, A, Spithoven, L., Van Damme, R. & De Vree, F. Sexual dimorphism of head size in Gallotia galloti: Testing the niche divergence hypothesis by functional analyses. Funct. Ecol. 13, 289\u2013297 (1999).","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"8148_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1039","volume":"290","author":"A Herrel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Herrel, A., De Grauw, E. & Lemos-Espinal, J. A. Head shape and bite performance in xenosaurid lizards. J. Exp. Zool. 290, 101\u2013107 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool."},{"key":"8148_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/jzo.12520","volume":"304","author":"A Herrel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Herrel, A., Petrochic, S. & Draud, M. Sexual dimorphism, bite force and diet in the diamondback terrapin. J. Zool. 304, 217\u2013224 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Zool."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-08148-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-08148-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-08148-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T00:12:41Z","timestamp":1669335161000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-022-08148-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8148"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-08148-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 November 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 February 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 March 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4596"}}