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In particular, Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) remains undiagnosed for over a decade before the first symptoms. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is now common and widely available and has been used to image the retina of AD patients and healthy controls to search for biomarkers of neurodegeneration. However, early diagnosis tools would need to rely on images of patients in early AD stages, which are not available due to late diagnosis. To shed light on how to overcome this obstacle, we resort to 57 wild-type mice and 57 triple-transgenic mouse model of AD to train a network with mice aged 3, 4, and 8\u00a0months and classify mice at the ages of 1, 2, and 12\u00a0months. To this end, we computed fundus images from OCT data and trained a convolution neural network (CNN) to classify those into the wild-type or transgenic group. CNN performance accuracy ranged from 80 to 88% for mice out of the training group\u2019s age, raising the possibility of diagnosing AD before the first symptoms through the non-invasive imaging of the retina.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18113-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T10:04:19Z","timestamp":1660212259000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Stage-independent biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease from the living retina: an animal study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hugo","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Serranho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Trindade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paula I.","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nio Francisco","family":"Ambr\u00f3sio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Castelo-Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Bernardes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"18113_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp062","volume":"132","author":"CR Jack","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jack, C. 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