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Here, we investigate the response of a habitat-forming Mediterranean octocoral, the red gorgonian<jats:italic>Paramuricea clavata<\/jats:italic>(Risso, 1826) to thermal stress at multiple biological and geographical scales. Samples from eleven<jats:italic>P. clavata<\/jats:italic>populations inhabiting four localities separated by hundreds to more than 1500\u00a0km of coast and with contrasting thermal histories were exposed to a critical temperature threshold (25 \u00b0C) in a common garden experiment in aquaria. Ten of the 11 populations lacked thermotolerance to the experimental conditions provided (25\u00a0days at 25 \u00b0C), with 100% or almost 100% colony mortality by the end of the experiment. Furthermore, we found no significant association between local average thermal regimes nor recent thermal history (i.e., local water temperatures in the 3\u00a0months prior to the experiment) and population thermotolerance. Overall, our results suggest that local adaptation and\/or acclimation to warmer conditions have a limited role in the response of<jats:italic>P. clavata<\/jats:italic>to thermal stress. The study also confirms the sensitivity of this species to warm temperatures across its distributional range and questions its adaptive capacity under ocean warming conditions. However, important inter-individual variation in thermotolerance was found within populations, particularly those exposed to the most severe prior marine heatwaves. These observations suggest that<jats:italic>P. clavata<\/jats:italic>could harbor adaptive potential to future warming acting on standing genetic variation (i.e., divergent selection) and\/or environmentally-induced phenotypic variation (i.e., intra- and\/or intergenerational plasticity).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25565-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T12:03:06Z","timestamp":1670328186000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Exploring the response of a key Mediterranean gorgonian to heat stress across biological and spatial scales"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"D.","family":"G\u00f3mez-Gras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"N.","family":"Bensoussan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J. 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