{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:23:11Z","timestamp":1768350191063,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678924800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Since the mid-nineteenth century, gold ores, mainly hosted in sulfides, have been processed at metallurgical plants located in Nova Lima, Brazil. The generated wastes have been accumulated over the years in tailings dams or in piles. These materials represent wasted from old circuits, as well as from plants still in production. In this study, geochemical, mineralogical, 3D modelling, and metallurgical analyses wastes were carried out to evaluate potential reuse of these wastes. The performed characterization detected residues of very fine grain size containing sulfides and oxides. The wastes show high grades of Au hosted in different minerals. In addition to Au, samples contain S, Fe, Zn, Pb, Sc, Si, and As. The 3D modelling for spatial definition of Au was performed using ordinary kriging with  dimensional variograms. The results indicated the occurrence of Au enrichment zones and allowed to reveal the most attractive tailing deposits in terms of Au content. Metallurgical tests showed recovery of 70% of Au and suggested other potential reuse of the wastes, such as aggregates for the civil construction sector and recovery of other metals. The present work highlights the importance of an integrative characterization within the scope of the circular economy and the value of tailings in the production chain of the mineral sector.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-31133-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,26]],"date-time":"2023-03-26T19:55:36Z","timestamp":1679860536000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Geochemistry and mineralogy of auriferous tailings deposits and their potential for reuse in Nova Lima Region, Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mariana","family":"Lemos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paula Marinho","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Pantale\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Guabiroba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Gregorio","family":"Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Afonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Antonio Roberto","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Itamar","family":"Delbem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"31133_CR1","unstructured":"Fernandes, C. Minera\u00e7\u00e3o no Brasil Colonial. https:\/\/brasilescola.uol.com.br\/historiab\/mineracao-no-brasil-colonial.htm (2022)."},{"key":"31133_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15628\/holos.2018.7423","volume":"5","author":"TF Souza J\u00fanior","year":"2018","unstructured":"Souza J\u00fanior, T. F., Moreira, E. B. & Heineck, K. S. Barragens de rejeito e conten\u00e7\u00f5es no Brasil. Holos 5, 1\u201339 (2018).","journal-title":"Holos"},{"key":"31133_CR3","unstructured":"FEAM. Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Estadual do Meio Ambiente. http:\/\/www.feam.br\/ (2022)."},{"key":"31133_CR4","unstructured":"Vinaud, L. U P. Barragens de rejeito de minera\u00e7\u00e3o em Minas Gerais: Lista de verifica\u00e7\u00e3o e aspectos t\u00e9cnicos, legaiseambientais. https:\/\/www.engminas.araxa.cefetmg.br\/wpcontent\/uploads\/sites\/170\/2020\/02\/TCC_Laura_Vinaud.pdf (2019)."},{"key":"31133_CR5","unstructured":"ANM. https:\/\/www.gov.br\/anm\/pt-br (2022)."},{"key":"31133_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s10230-021-00754-6","volume":"40","author":"MG Lemos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lemos, M. G. et al. Geoenvironmental study of gold mining tailings in a circular economy context: Santa Barbara, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Mine Water Environ. 40, 257\u2013269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10230-021-00754-6 (2021).","journal-title":"Mine Water Environ."},{"key":"31133_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2017.08.002","volume":"135","author":"G Gaustad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gaustad, G., Krystofik, M., Bustamante, M. & Badami, K. Circular economy strategies for mitigating critical material supply issues. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 135, 24\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resconrec.2017.08.002 (2018).","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"issue":"3","key":"31133_CR8","first-page":"95","volume":"26","author":"MC Campomar","year":"1991","unstructured":"Campomar, M. C. Do uso de estudo de caso em pesquisas para disserta\u00e7\u00f5es e teses em administra\u00e7\u00e3o. Rev. Admin. RAUSP 26(3), 95\u201397 (1991).","journal-title":"Rev. Admin. RAUSP"},{"key":"31133_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/min11010039","volume":"11","author":"M Lemos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lemos, M. et al. Mineralogical and geochemical characterization of gold mining tailings and their potential to generate acid mine drainage (Minas Gerais, Brazil). Minerals 11, 1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/min11010039 (2021).","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"key":"31133_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"European Commission. Communication from the commission to the European parliament, the council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions. Critical Raw Mater. Resilience: Charting a Path towards. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-40268-6_9 (2020).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-40268-6_9"},{"key":"31133_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2020.106614","author":"A Parviainen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parviainen, A., Soto, F. & Caraballo, M. A. Revalorization of Haveri Au\u2013Cu mine tailings (SW Finland) for potential reprocessing. J. Geochem. Explor. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gexplo.2020.106614 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Geochem. Explor."},{"key":"31133_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2014.04.079","volume":"84","author":"M Edraki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Edraki, M. et al. Designing mine tailings for better environmental, social and economic outcomes: A review of alternative approaches. J. Clean. Prod. 84, 411\u2013420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2014.04.079 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"31133_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2022.106997","author":"E Gonz\u00e1lez-D\u00edaz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-D\u00edaz, E. et al. Geochemical, mineralogical and geostatistical modelling of an IOCG tailings deposit (El Buitre, Chile): Implications for environmental safety and economic potential. J. Geochem. Explor. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gexplo.2022.106997 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Geochem. Explor."},{"key":"31133_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s002540050199","volume":"32","author":"CJ Martin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Martin, C. J., Al, T. A. & Cabri, L. J. Surface analysis of particles in mine tailings by time-of-flight laser-ionization mass spectrometry (TOF-LIMS). Environ. Geol. 32, 107\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s002540050199 (1997).","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"31133_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1590\/s0100-06832004000100018","volume":"28","author":"SR Silva","year":"2004","unstructured":"Silva, S. R., Proc\u00f3pio, S. O., Queiroz, T. F. N. & Dias, L. E. Characterization of gold mine tailing to evaluate the arsenic and heavy metal solubility and local revegetation. Rev. Brasil. Cie. Solo 28, 189\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s0100-06832004000100018 (2004).","journal-title":"Rev. Brasil. Cie. Solo"},{"key":"31133_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.04.020","volume":"169","author":"T Shi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shi, T. et al. Adsorption of Pb(II), Cr(III), Cu(II), Cd(II) and Ni(II) onto a vanadium mine tailing from aqueous solution. J. Hazard. Mater. 169, 838\u2013846. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.04.020 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"31133_CR17","unstructured":"Parbhakar-Fox, A., Fox, N. J. L. Geometallurgical evaluations of mine waste - an example from the Old Tailings Dam, Savage River, Tasmania. In Proceedings of 3rd AusIMM International Geometallurgy Conference, 193\u2013204 (2016)."},{"key":"31133_CR18","unstructured":"Novhe, N. O., Yibas, B., Coetzee, H., Mashalane, T., Atanasova, M. Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Precipitates Formed During Passive Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage in the Ermelo Coal eld, South Africa. 11th ICARD\/IMWA\/MWD Conference: Risk to Opportunity 171\u2013176 (2018)"},{"key":"31133_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2019.106439","volume":"209","author":"K Guanira","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guanira, K. et al. Methodological approach for mineralogical characterization of tailings from a Cu(Au, Ag) skarn type deposit using QEMSCAN (Quantitative Evaluation of Minerals by Scanning Electron Microscopy). J. Geochem. Explor. 209, 106439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gexplo.2019.106439 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Geochem. Explor."},{"issue":"4","key":"31133_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2003.09.003","volume":"19","author":"AP Reis","year":"2004","unstructured":"Reis, A. P., Sousa, A. J., Ferreira da Silva, E., Patinha, C. & Fonseca, E. C. Combining multiple correspondence analysis with factorial kriging analysis for geochemical mapping of the gold\u2013silver deposit at Marrancos (Portugal). Appl. Geochem. 19(4), 623\u2013631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2003.09.003 (2004).","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"31133_CR21","unstructured":"Ansah-sam, M., Binczyk, T., Dobek, C., Guo, C., Mimura, W. A Geostatistical Study to Quantify Uncertainty in Tailings Fines Content as a Function of Data Spacing AND Workflow and Software Guide for Constructing a Three Dimensional Geostatistical Model of a Tailings Deposit for the Purpose of Conducting a Geostatistical Resampling Study. https:\/\/cosia.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/attachments\/Tailings\/Geostatistical\/Study\/-\/Imperial.pdf (2015)."},{"key":"31133_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsames.2019.05.001","volume":"93","author":"EE Medina Tripodi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Medina Tripodi, E. E., Gamboa Rueda, J. A., Aguirre C\u00e9spedes, C., Delgado Vega, J. & Collao G\u00f3mez, C. Characterization and geostatistical modelling of contaminants and added value metals from an abandoned Cu\u2013Au tailing dam in Taltal (Chile). J. South Am. Earth Sci. 93, 183\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsames.2019.05.001 (2019).","journal-title":"J. South Am. Earth Sci."},{"key":"31133_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2021.106814","volume":"164","author":"R Wilson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wilson, R., Toro, N., Naranjo, O., Emery, X. & Navarra, A. Integration of geostatistical modeling into discrete event simulation for development of tailings dam retreatment applications. Miner. Eng. 164, 106814. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mineng.2021.106814 (2021).","journal-title":"Miner. Eng."},{"key":"31133_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2020.104919","volume":"160","author":"J Spooren","year":"2020","unstructured":"Spooren, J. et al. Near-zero-waste processing of low-grade, complex primary ores and secondary raw materials in Europe: Technology development trends. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 160, 104919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resconrec.2020.104919 (2020).","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"31133_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.01.616","volume":"30","author":"S Singh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singh, S., Sukla, L. B. & Goyal, S. K. Mine waste and circular economy. Mater. Today Proc. 30, 332\u2013339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.01.616 (2020).","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"31133_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2020.106204","volume":"148","author":"V Akinwekomi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Akinwekomi, V. et al. Beneficiation of acid mine drainage (AMD): A viable option for the synthesis of goethite, hematite, magnetite, and gypsum\u2014gearing towards a circular economy concept. Miner. Eng. 148, 106204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mineng.2020.106204 (2020).","journal-title":"Miner. Eng."},{"key":"31133_CR27","unstructured":"Antunes, M., Fernandes, R., Pinheiro, A., Valente, T., N. S. Potential of reuse and environmental behavior of ochre-precipitates from passive mine treatment. In IMWA Proceedings, pp. 205\u2013208 (2010)."},{"key":"31133_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.09.181","volume":"141","author":"F Mac\u00edas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mac\u00edas, F., P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez, R., Caraballo, M. A., C\u00e1novas, C. R. & Nieto, J. M. Management strategies and valorization for waste sludge from active treatment of extremely metal-polluted acid mine drainage: A contribution for sustainable mining. J. Clean. Prod. 141, 1057\u20131066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.09.181 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"31133_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137211","volume":"717","author":"B Rezaie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rezaie, B. & Anderson, A. Sustainable resolutions for environmental threat of the acid mine drainage. Sci. Total Environ. 717, 137211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137211 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"31133_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2017.01.019","volume":"79","author":"MJ Ryan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ryan, M. J., Kney, A. D. & Carley, T. L. A study of selective precipitation techniques used to recover refined iron oxide pigments for the production of paint from a synthetic acid mine drainage solution. Appl. Geochem. 79, 27\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2017.01.019 (2017).","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"31133_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2019.02.040","volume":"135","author":"RA de Silva","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Silva, R. A. et al. Optimizing the selective precipitation of iron to produce yellow pigment from acid mine drainage. Miner. Eng. 135, 111\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mineng.2019.02.040 (2019).","journal-title":"Miner. Eng."},{"key":"31133_CR32","unstructured":"Valente, T., Grande, J. A. D.L.T.M. Extracting value resources from acid mine drainages and mine wastes in the Iberian Pyrite Belt. In  Mining Meets Water\u2014Conflicts and Solutions, pp. 1339\u20131340 (2016)."},{"key":"31133_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2014.05.018","volume":"147\u2013148","author":"T Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen, T., Lei, C., Yan, B. & Xiao, X. Metal recovery from the copper sulfide tailing with leaching and fractional precipitation technology. Hydrometallurgy 147\u2013148, 178\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hydromet.2014.05.018 (2014).","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"31133_CR34","first-page":"417","volume":"109","author":"A Dehghani","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dehghani, A., Mostad-Rahimi, M., Mojtahedzadeh, S. H. & Gharibi, K. K. Recovery of gold from the mouteh gold mine tailings dam. J. South Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. 109, 417\u2013421 (2009).","journal-title":"J. South Afr. Inst. Min. Metall."},{"key":"31133_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2016.10.008","volume":"106","author":"C Falag\u00e1n","year":"2017","unstructured":"Falag\u00e1n, C., Grail, B. M. & Johnson, D. B. New approaches for extracting and recovering metals from mine tailings. Miner. Eng. 106, 71\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mineng.2016.10.008 (2017).","journal-title":"Miner. Eng."},{"key":"31133_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2014.11.015","volume":"75","author":"M Martin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Martin, M., Janneck, E., Kermer, R. & Patzig, A. R. S. Recovery of indium from sphalerite ore and flotation tailings by bioleaching and subsequent precipitation processes. Miner. Eng. 75, 94\u201399 (2015).","journal-title":"Miner. Eng."},{"key":"31133_CR37","unstructured":"Technologies, D.S. Method for vitrification of arsenic and antimony. US9981295B2. https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US9981295B2\/en (2006)."},{"key":"31133_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2011.12.012","volume":"115\u2013116","author":"S Syed","year":"2012","unstructured":"Syed, S. Recovery of gold from secondary sources\u2014a review. Hydrometallurgy 115\u2013116, 30\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hydromet.2011.12.012 (2012).","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"31133_CR39","first-page":"3","volume":"2","author":"AU Samadov","year":"2022","unstructured":"Samadov, A. U. & Nosirov, N. I. Overview of the concepts of gold recovery from stale tailings of a gold recovery plant. J. Adv. Res. Stabil. 2, 3\u20138 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res. Stabil."},{"key":"31133_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2007.05.028","volume":"150","author":"LRP De Andrade Lima","year":"2008","unstructured":"De Andrade Lima, L. R. P., Bernardez, L. A. & Barbosa, L. A. D. Characterization and treatment of artisanal gold mine tailings. J. Hazard. Mater. 150, 747\u2013753. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2007.05.028 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"9","key":"31133_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1016\/s1875-5372(14)60009-6","volume":"42","author":"B Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu, B., Zhang, Z., Li, L. & Wang, Y. Recovery of gold and iron from the cyanide tailings by magnetic roasting. Xiyou Jinshu Cailiao Yu Gongcheng Rare Metal Mater. Eng. 42(9), 1805\u20131809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1875-5372(14)60009-6 (2013).","journal-title":"Xiyou Jinshu Cailiao Yu Gongcheng Rare Metal Mater. Eng."},{"key":"31133_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2018.05.298","volume":"763","author":"H Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, H. et al. Investigation on the recovery of gold and silver from cyanide tailings using chlorination roasting process. J. Alloys Compd. 763, 241\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jallcom.2018.05.298 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"31133_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.2358","volume":"85","author":"MA Acheampong","year":"2010","unstructured":"Acheampong, M. A., Meulepas, R. J. W. & Lens, P. N. Removal of heavy metals and cyanide from gold mine wastewater. J. Chem. Technol. Biot. 85, 590\u2013619 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Biot."},{"key":"31133_CR44","unstructured":"Porto, C.G. A mineraliza\u00e7\u00e3o aur\u00edfera do dep\u00f3sito C\u00f3rrego do S\u00edtio e sua rela\u00e7\u00e3o com o enxame de diques metam\u00e1ficos no corpo Cachorro Bravo-Quadril\u00e1tero Ferr\u00edfero-Minas Gerais. Univ Federal de Minas Gerais (2008)."},{"key":"31133_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-1368(01)00016-6","volume":"18","author":"R Goldfarb","year":"2001","unstructured":"Goldfarb, R. Orogenic gold and geologic time: A global synthesis. Ore Geol. Rev. 18, 1\u201375 (2001).","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"31133_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s001260100180","volume":"36","author":"LM Lobato","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lobato, L. M., Ribeiro-Rodrigues, L. C. & Vieira, F. W. R. Brazil\u2019s premier gold province. Part II: Geology and genesis of gold deposits in the Archean Rio das Velhas greenstone belt, Quadril\u00e1tero Ferr\u00edfero. Miner. Depos. 36, 249\u2013277 (2001).","journal-title":"Miner. Depos."},{"key":"31133_CR47","unstructured":"Almeida, F. F. M. Estruturas do Pr\u00e9-Cambriano Inferior Brasileiro. In: 29o Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, pp. 335\u2013342 (1976)."},{"key":"31133_CR48","unstructured":"Schorscher, H. D. Polimetamorfismo do Pr\u00e9-Cambriano na regi\u00e3o de Itabira, Minas Gerais. In: 29o Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia. Sociedade Brasileira de Geologia, pp. 194\u2013195 (1976)."},{"key":"31133_CR49","unstructured":"Schorscher, H.D. Komati\u00edtos na estrutura \u201cGreenstone Belt\u201d S\u00e9rie Rio das Velhas, Quadril\u00e1tero Ferr\u00edfero, Minas Gerais, Brasil. In: Congr. Bras. Geol., 30. pp. 292\u2013293 (1978)."},{"key":"31133_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2015.08.025","volume":"72","author":"BS Martins","year":"2016","unstructured":"Martins, B. S. et al. The Archean BIF-hosted Lamego gold deposit, Rio das Velhas greenstone belt, Quadril\u00e1tero Ferr\u00edfero: Evidence for Cambrian structural modification of an Archean orogenic gold deposit. Ore Geol. Rev. 72, 963\u2013988 (2016).","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"31133_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2006.09.001","volume":"32","author":"LC Ribeiro-Rodrigues","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ribeiro-Rodrigues, L. C., Oliveira, C. G. & Friedrich, G. The Archean BIF-hosted Cuiab\u00e1 Gold deposit. Ore Geol. Rev. 32, 543\u2013570 (2007).","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"31133_CR52","unstructured":"IBGE, 2022. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat\u00edstica. https:\/\/www.ibge.gov.br\/."},{"key":"31133_CR53","unstructured":"AGA, 2016. AngloGold Ashanti AngloGold Ashanti recommendations."},{"key":"31133_CR54","unstructured":"Moura W, 2005. Especia\u00e7\u00e3o de cianeto para redu\u00e7\u00e3o do consumo no circuito de lixivia\u00e7\u00e3o de calcinado da usina do Queir\u00f3z."},{"issue":"3","key":"31133_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1017\/S1431927617000460","volume":"23","author":"K Bachmann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bachmann, K., Frenzel, M., Krause, J. & Gutzmer, J. Advanced identification and quantification of in-bearing minerals by scanning electron microscope-based image analysis. Microsc. Microanal. 23(3), 527\u2013537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1431927617000460 (2017).","journal-title":"Microsc. Microanal."},{"key":"31133_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.minpro.2006.07.018","volume":"84","author":"R Fandrich","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fandrich, R., Gu, Y., Burrows, D. & Moeller, K. Modern SEM-based mineral liberation analysis. Int. J. Miner. Process. 84, 310\u2013320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.minpro.2006.07.018 (2007).","journal-title":"Int. J. Miner. Process."},{"key":"31133_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.133857","volume":"374","author":"F Soto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Soto, F. et al. Transitive kriging for modeling tailings deposits: A case study in southwest Finland. J. Clean. Prod. 374, 133857. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.133857 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"31133_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20150202","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2015.0202","volume":"374","author":"IT Jolliffe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jolliffe, I. T. Cadima Principal component analysis: A review and recent developments. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 374, 20150202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsta.2015.0202 (2016).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A"},{"issue":"9","key":"31133_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1039\/c8em00211h","volume":"20","author":"AP Marinho Reis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marinho Reis, A. P. et al. Lead and zinc concentrations in household dust and toenails of the residents (Estarreja, Portugal): A source-pathway-fate model. Environ. Sci. Process Impacts 20(9), 1210\u20131224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c8em00211h (2018).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process Impacts"},{"key":"31133_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00897658","volume":"18","author":"A Journel","year":"1986","unstructured":"Journel, A. Geostatistics\u202f: Models and tools for the earth sciences. Math. Geol 18, 119\u2013140 (1986).","journal-title":"Math. Geol"},{"key":"31133_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-011-9433-z","volume":"34","author":"AP Reis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reis, A. P. et al. Metal fractionation of cadmium, lead and arsenic of geogenic origin in topsoils from the Marrancos gold mineralisation, northern Portugal. Environ. Geochem. Health 34, 229\u2013241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10653-011-9433-z (2012).","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"31133_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1144\/1467-7873\/09-1","volume":"9","author":"AP Reis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Reis, A. P. et al. Geochemical associations and their spatial patterns of variation in soil data from the Marrancos gold\u2013tungsten deposit: A pilot analysis. Geochem. Explor. Environ. Anal. 9, 319\u2013340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/1467-7873\/09-1 (2009).","journal-title":"Geochem. Explor. Environ. Anal."},{"key":"31133_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gexplo.2018.07.007","author":"X Zhao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhao, X. et al. Origin of skewed frequency distribution of regional geochemical data from stream sediments and a data processing method. J. Geochem. Explor. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gexplo.2018.07.007 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Geochem. Explor."},{"key":"31133_CR64","unstructured":"CONAMA. Resolu\u00e7\u00e3o no 396, de 03 de abril de 2008. Disp\u00f5e sobre a Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o e Diretrizes Ambientais para o Enquadramento das \u00e1guas Subter-r\u00e2neas e d\u00e1 outras Provid\u00eancias (2008)."},{"issue":"4","key":"31133_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3390\/resources5040036","volume":"5","author":"G Calvo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Calvo, G., Mudd, G., Valero, A. & Valero, A. Decreasing ore grades in global metallic mining: A theoretical issue or a global reality?. Resources 5(4), 36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/resources5040036 (2016).","journal-title":"Resources"},{"key":"31133_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1590\/S0370-44672012000400015","volume":"65","author":"B Nader","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nader, B., de Tomi, G. & Passos, A. O. Indicadores-chave de desempenho e a gest\u00e3o integrada da minera\u00e7\u00e3o. Rev. Escol. Minas 65, 537\u2013542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0370-44672012000400015 (2012).","journal-title":"Rev. Escol. Minas"},{"key":"31133_CR67","unstructured":"Passos, A. O. Proposta de Modelo para o Desenvolvimento de Projetos Minerais Sustent\u00e1veis no Brasil 110 (2015)."},{"key":"31133_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmst.2018.01.003","volume":"28","author":"X Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang, X. et al. Triboelectric properties of ilmenite and quartz minerals and investigation of triboelectric separation of ilmenite ore. Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol. 28, 223\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijmst.2018.01.003 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"31133_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/min8090375","author":"U Ka\u017amierczak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ka\u017amierczak, U., Blachowski, J., G\u00f3rniak-Zimroz, J. & Wirth, H. Quantitative and qualitative research on the waste from the mining of rock raw materials in Lower Silesia. Minerals https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/min8090375 (2018).","journal-title":"Minerals"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-31133-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-31133-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-31133-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,26]],"date-time":"2023-03-26T19:55:58Z","timestamp":1679860558000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-023-31133-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["31133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-31133-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 December 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 March 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 March 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4339"}}