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After 24\u00a0h of incubation, primary fermentation end-products [gas, methane, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ammonia] and rumen microbial diversity were determined. NEO reduced the total VFA concentration (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) only in the C diet. In contrast, SEO and carvacrol decreased the total VFA concentration (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) only in the F diet. Methane production was not affected (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05) by any of the experimental treatments or diets evaluated. Microbial diversity analysis showed only a moderate effect of carvacrol and SEO on 13 genera, including, mainly, <jats:italic>Atopobium<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Blautia<\/jats:italic> (involved in subacute ruminal acidosis) or <jats:italic>Candidatus Saccharimonas<\/jats:italic> (related to laminitis). In conclusion, <jats:italic>T. capitata<\/jats:italic> EO has a limited potential to attain nutritional or environmental benefits, but further research should be carried out to clarify its effects on animal health and microbial food safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-31370-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,26]],"date-time":"2023-03-26T19:43:14Z","timestamp":1679859794000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Effects of Thymbra capitata essential oil on in vitro fermentation end-products and ruminal bacterial communities"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Ranilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Andr\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Gini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Biscarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Saro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Alba","family":"Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Mateos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Secundino","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"F. 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