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Here, we use a large tree-ring database of 11 species from 89 sites across eight European countries, covering a climatic gradient from the Mediterranean to northern Europe, to analyze how climate variations drive IADF formation. We found that IADF occurrence increases nonlinearly with ring width in both gymnosperms and angiosperms and decreases with altitude and age. Recently recorded higher mean annual temperatures facilitate the formation of IADFs in almost all the studied species. Precipitation plays a significant role in inducing IADFs in species that exhibit drought tolerance capability, and a growth pattern known as bimodal growth. Our findings suggest that species with bimodal growth patterns growing in western and southern Europe will form IADFs more frequently, as an adaptation to increasing temperatures and droughts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39610-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]],"date-time":"2023-07-29T10:02:04Z","timestamp":1690624924000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Intra-annual density fluctuations in tree rings are proxies of air temperature across Europe"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"Battipaglia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J. 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