{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T05:27:36Z","timestamp":1774934856089,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]],"date-time":"2024-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]],"date-time":"2024-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) is the most frequently reported in staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) outbreaks. Aptamers are single-stranded nucleic acids that are seen as promising alternatives to antibodies in several areas, including diagnostics. In this work, systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) was used to select DNA aptamers against SEA. The SELEX protocol employed magnetic beads as an immobilization matrix for the target molecule and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) for monitoring and optimizing sequence enrichment. After 10 selection cycles, the ssDNA pool with the highest affinity was sequenced by next generation sequencing (NGS). Approximately 3 million aptamer candidates were identified, and the most representative cluster sequences were selected for further characterization. The aptamer with the highest affinity showed an experimental dissociation constant (K<jats:sub>D<\/jats:sub>) of 13.36\u2009\u00b1\u200918.62\u00a0nM. Increased temperature negatively affected the affinity of the aptamer for the target. Application of the selected aptamers in a lateral flow assay demonstrated their functionality in detecting samples containing 100\u00a0ng SEA, the minimum amount capable of causing food poisoning. Overall, the applicability of DNA aptamers in SEA recognition was demonstrated and characterized under different conditions, paving the way for the development of diagnostic tools.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-61094-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]],"date-time":"2024-05-18T08:02:25Z","timestamp":1716019345000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["In vitro selection of DNA aptamers against staphylococcal enterotoxin A"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria Margarida","family":"Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5864-3250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuno Filipe","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carina","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"61094_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO Estimates of the Global Burden of Foodborne Diseases (2015)."},{"key":"61094_CR2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Estimating the Burden of Foodborne Diseases: A Practical Handbook for Countries (2021)."},{"key":"61094_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA & ECDC. The European Union One Health 2021 Zoonoses Report. EFSA J. 20 (2022).","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2022.7666"},{"key":"61094_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1701.P11101","volume":"17","author":"E Scallan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Scallan, E. et al. Foodborne illness acquired in the united states\u2014Major pathogens. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 17, 7 (2011).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"61094_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jaffee, S., Henson, S., Unnevehr, L., Grace, D. & Cassou, E. The Safe Food Imperative: Accelerating Progress in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. The Safe Food Imperative: Accelerating Progress in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (The World Bank, 2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/978-1-4648-1345-0.","DOI":"10.1596\/978-1-4648-1345-0"},{"key":"61094_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00436","volume":"9","author":"EL Fisher","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fisher, E. L., Otto, M. & Cheung, G. Y. C. Basis of virulence in enterotoxin-mediated staphylococcal food poisoning. Front. Microbiol. 9, 436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00436 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"61094_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2082177","volume":"2","author":"IV Pinchuk","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pinchuk, I. V., Beswick, E. J. & Reyes, V. E. Staphylococcal enterotoxins. Toxins 2, 2177\u20132197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins2082177 (2010).","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"61094_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827965","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/827965","volume":"2014","author":"J Kadariya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kadariya, J., Smith, T. C. & Thapaliya, D. Staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcal food-borne disease: An ongoing challenge in public health. BioMed Res. Int. 2014, 827965. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/827965 (2014).","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"61094_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-68.6.1264","volume":"68","author":"RW Bennett","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bennett, R. W. Staphylococcal enterotoxin and its rapid identification in foods by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based methodology. J. Food Prot. 68, 1264\u20131270 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"61094_CR10","unstructured":"ISO. ISO 19020:2017\u2014Microbiology of the food chain\u2014Horizontal method for the immunoenzymatic detection of enterotoxins in foodstuffs (2017)."},{"issue":"11","key":"61094_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0687-9","volume":"38","author":"A Gray","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gray, A. et al. Animal-free alternatives and the antibody iceberg. Nat. Biotechnol. 38(11), 1234\u20131239 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"61094_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026615666150413153717","volume":"15","author":"L Hernandez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hernandez, L., Machado, I., Schafer, T. & Hernandez, F. Aptamers overview: Selection, features and applications. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 15, 1066\u20131081 (2015).","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"61094_CR13","first-page":"1","volume":"2015","author":"KL Hong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hong, K. L. & Sooter, L. J. Single-stranded DNA aptamers against pathogens and toxins: Identification and biosensing applications. Biomed. Res. Int. 2015, 1\u201331 (2015).","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"61094_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2010.11.040","volume":"26","author":"L Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang, L. et al. An aptamer-based chromatographic strip assay for sensitive toxin semi-quantitative detection. Biosens. Bioelectron. 26, 3059\u20133062 (2011).","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"61094_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.06.039","volume":"166","author":"Y Huang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huang, Y. et al. Selection and characterization of DNA aptamers against Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin C1. Food Chem. 166, 623\u2013629 (2015).","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"61094_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10456","DOI":"10.1021\/jf801957h","volume":"56","author":"JA Cruz-Aguado","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cruz-Aguado, J. A. & Penner, G. Determination of ochratoxin A with a DNA aptamer. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56, 10456\u201310461 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"61094_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-013-1995-9","volume":"237","author":"A Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu, A., Zhang, Y., Chen, W., Wang, X. & Chen, F. Gold nanoparticle-based colorimetric detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B using ssDNA aptamers. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 237, 323\u2013329 (2013).","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"61094_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033410","volume":"7","author":"JA DeGrasse","year":"2012","unstructured":"DeGrasse, J. A. A single-stranded DNA aptamer that selectively binds to staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B. PLoS One 7, e33410 (2012).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"61094_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1039\/c4an00132j","volume":"139","author":"W Zhou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhou, W., Jimmy Huang, P.-J., Ding, J. & Liu, J. Aptamer-based biosensors for biomedical diagnostics. Analyst 139, 2627 (2014).","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"61094_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1002\/jmr.2542","volume":"29","author":"M Hedayati Ch","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hedayati Ch, M. et al. Isolation of a new ssDNA aptamer against staphylococcal enterotoxin B based on CNBr-activated sepharose-4B affinity chromatography. J. Mol. Recognit. 29, 436\u2013445 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Recognit."},{"key":"61094_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2016.05.006","volume":"119","author":"K Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, K. et al. Inhibition of the superantigenic activities of Staphylococcal enterotoxin A by an aptamer antagonist. Toxicon 119, 21\u201327 (2016).","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"61094_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1039\/C7AY02452E","volume":"10","author":"X Xiong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xiong, X., Shi, X., Liu, Y., Lu, L. & You, J. An aptamer-based electrochemical biosensor for simple and sensitive detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B in milk. Anal. Methods 10, 365\u2013370 (2018).","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"61094_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10600","DOI":"10.1021\/ac301924f","volume":"84","author":"E Temur","year":"2012","unstructured":"Temur, E. et al. Attomole sensitivity of staphylococcal enterotoxin b detection using an aptamer-modified surface-enhanced Raman scattering probe. Anal. Chem. 84, 10600\u201310606 (2012).","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"61094_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioeng.2007.06.001","volume":"24","author":"R Stoltenburg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stoltenburg, R., Reinemann, C. & Strehlitz, B. SELEX-A (r)evolutionary method to generate high-affinity nucleic acid ligands. Biomol. Eng. 24, 381\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioeng.2007.06.001 (2007).","journal-title":"Biomol. Eng."},{"key":"61094_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-33-4838-7_1","author":"L Hao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hao, L. & Gu, H. Introduction of aptamer, SELEX, and different SELEX variants. Aptamers Med. Appl. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-33-4838-7_1 (2021).","journal-title":"Aptamers Med. Appl."},{"key":"61094_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77221-9","volume":"10","author":"C Kolm","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kolm, C. et al. DNA aptamers against bacterial cells can be efficiently selected by a SELEX process using state-of-the art qPCR and ultra-deep sequencing. Sci. Rep. 10, 1\u201316 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"61094_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2018.04.006","volume":"11","author":"J Hoinka","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hoinka, J., Backofen, R. & Przytycka, T. M. AptaSUITE: A full-featured bioinformatics framework for the comprehensive analysis of aptamers from HT-SELEX experiments. Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids 11, 515 (2018).","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"61094_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3406","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkg595","volume":"31","author":"M Zuker","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zuker, M. Mfold web server for nucleic acid folding and hybridization prediction. Nucleic Acids Res. 31, 3406\u20133415 (2003).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"61094_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3141","volume":"9","author":"AD Keefe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Keefe, A. D., Pai, S. & Ellington, A. Aptamers as therapeutics. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 9, 537\u2013550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrd3141 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"61094_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2018.08.005","volume":"134","author":"G Zhu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhu, G. & Chen, X. Aptamer-based targeted therapy. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 134, 65\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addr.2018.08.005 (2018).","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"61094_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.201200042","volume":"6","author":"V Thiviyanathan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thiviyanathan, V. & Gorenstein, D. G. Aptamers and the next generation of diagnostic reagents. Proteom. Clin. Appl. 6, 563 (2012).","journal-title":"Proteom. Clin. Appl."},{"key":"61094_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e223","DOI":"10.1038\/mtna.2014.74","volume":"4","author":"M Blind","year":"2015","unstructured":"Blind, M. & Blank, M. Aptamer selection technology and recent advances. Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids 4, e223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mtna.2014.74 (2015).","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"61094_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24050941","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Lai, B. S. & Juhas, M. Recent advances in aptamer discovery and applications. Molecules https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules24050941 (2019).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"61094_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McKeague, M., Giamberardino, A. & C., M. Advances in Aptamer-Based Biosensors for Food Safety. In Environmental Biosensors (InTech, 2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/22350","DOI":"10.5772\/22350"},{"key":"61094_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01426","volume":"7","author":"J Teng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Teng, J. et al. Aptamer-based technologies in foodborne pathogen detection. Front. Microbiol. 7, 1426 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"61094_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-8836-1_12\/COVER","author":"GS Yadav","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yadav, G. S., Parashar, A. & Aggarwal, N. K. Aptamer: A next generation tool for application in agricultural industry for food safety. Aptamers Biotechnol. Appl. Next Gener. Tool https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-13-8836-1_12\/COVER (2019).","journal-title":"Aptamers Biotechnol. Appl. Next Gener. Tool"},{"key":"61094_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1348.062","volume":"1082","author":"EWM Ng","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ng, E. W. M. & Adamis, A. P. Anti-VEGF aptamer (pegaptanib) therapy for ocular vascular diseases. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1082, 151\u2013171 (2006).","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"61094_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1955","volume":"5","author":"EWM Ng","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ng, E. W. M. et al. Pegaptanib, a targeted anti-VEGF aptamer for ocular vascular disease. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 5, 123\u2013132 (2006).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"61094_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1039\/C3AY41576G","volume":"6","author":"Y Huang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Huang, Y. et al. Selection, identification and application of a DNA aptamer against Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin A. Anal. Methods 6, 690\u2013697 (2014).","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"61094_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-005-3388-9","volume":"383","author":"R Stoltenburg","year":"2005","unstructured":"Stoltenburg, R., Reinemann, C. & Strehlitz, B. FluMag-SELEX as an advantageous method for DNA aptamer selection. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 383, 83\u201391 (2005).","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"61094_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2018.09.006","volume":"286","author":"H Sedighian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sedighian, H. et al. Staggered target SELEX, a novel approach to isolate non-cross-reactive aptamer for detection of SEA by apta-qPCR. J. Biotechnol. 286, 45\u201355 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"61094_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.2244","volume":"69","author":"M Kohlberger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kohlberger, M. & Gadermaier, G. SELEX: Critical factors and optimization strategies for successful aptamer selection. Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 69, 1771 (2022).","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem."},{"key":"61094_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2071751","volume":"2","author":"M\u00c1 Argud\u00edn","year":"2010","unstructured":"Argud\u00edn, M. \u00c1., Mendoza, M. C. & Rodicio, M. R. Food poisoning and staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins. Toxins 2, 1751\u20131773. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins2071751 (2010).","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"61094_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020642","volume":"19","author":"R Stoltenburg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stoltenburg, R. & Strehlitz, B. Refining the results of a classical SELEX experiment by expanding the sequence data set of an aptamer pool selected for protein A. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 19, 642 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"61094_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt736","volume":"20","author":"JA Bittker","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bittker, J. A., Le, Bv. & Liu, D. R. Nucleic acid evolution and minimization by nonhomologous random recombination. Nat. Biotechnol. 20, 1024 (2002).","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"61094_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-05269-4_9","volume":"8394","author":"J Hoinka","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hoinka, J., Berezhnoy, A., Sauna, Z. E., Gilboa, E. & Przytycka, T. M. AptaCluster\u2014A method to cluster HT-SELEX aptamer pools and lessons from its application. Res. Comput. Mol. Biol. 8394, 115 (2014).","journal-title":"Res. Comput. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"61094_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2016.07.003","volume":"3","author":"P Dao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dao, P. et al. AptaTRACE elucidates RNA sequence-structure motifs from selection trends in HT-SELEX experiments. Cell Syst. 3, 62\u201370 (2016).","journal-title":"Cell Syst."},{"key":"61094_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2017.10.010","volume":"145","author":"T Sakamoto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sakamoto, T., Ennifar, E. & Nakamura, Y. Thermodynamic study of aptamers binding to their target proteins. Biochimie 145, 91\u201397 (2018).","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"61094_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2014-0468","volume":"60","author":"W Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen, W. et al. Expression and characterization of single-chain variable fragment antibody against staphylococcal enterotoxin A in Escherichia coli. Can. J. Microbiol. 60, 737\u2013743 (2014).","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"61094_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/0161-5890(87)90118-0","volume":"24","author":"C Lapeyre","year":"1987","unstructured":"Lapeyre, C., Kaveri, Sv., Janin, F. & Strosberg, A. D. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to staphylococcal enterotoxins: Use in immunodetection and immunopurification. Mol. Immunol. 24, 1243\u20131254 (1987).","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"61094_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarisse, C. F. et al. Highly sensitive and specific detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins SEA, SEG, SEH, and SEI by immunoassay. Toxins (Basel) 13 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13020130"},{"key":"61094_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124522","volume":"21","author":"JP Elskens","year":"2020","unstructured":"Elskens, J. P., Elskens, J. M. & Madder, A. Chemical modification of aptamers for increased binding affinity in diagnostic applications: Current status and future prospects. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, 1\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21124522 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"61094_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5317","DOI":"10.1039\/c8an01467a","volume":"143","author":"S Cai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cai, S. et al. Investigations on the interface of nucleic acid aptamers and binding targets. Analyst 143, 5317\u20135338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c8an01467a (2018).","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"61094_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, G. et al. Selection and characterization of DNA aptamer against glucagon receptor by cell-SELEX. Sci. Rep. 7(1) 7, 1\u201310 (2017).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05840-w"},{"key":"61094_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2021.09.011","volume":"40","author":"R Oliveira","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oliveira, R. et al. Improving aptamer performance with nucleic acid mimics: De novo and post-SELEX approaches. Trends Biotechnol. 40, 549\u2013563 (2022).","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"61094_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7593","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx517","volume":"45","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Oni, O. & Liu, J. New insights into a classic aptamer: Binding sites, cooperativity and more sensitive adenosine detection. Nucleic Acids Res. 45, 7593\u20137601 (2017).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"61094_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.3390\/s21030724","volume":"21","author":"R Zi\u00f3\u0142kowski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zi\u00f3\u0142kowski, R., Jarczewska, M., G\u00f3rski, \u0141 & Malinowska, E. From small molecules toward whole cells detection: Application of electrochemical aptasensors in modern medical diagnostics. Sensors 21, 724 (2021).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"61094_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.06.059","volume":"62","author":"WB Shim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shim, W. B., Kim, M. J., Mun, H. & Kim, M. G. An aptamer-based dipstick assay for the rapid and simple detection of aflatoxin B1. Biosens. Bioelectron. 62, 288\u2013294 (2014).","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-61094-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-61094-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-61094-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]],"date-time":"2024-05-18T08:07:58Z","timestamp":1716019678000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-61094-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["61094"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-61094-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 December 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 April 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 May 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"11345"}}