{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T18:54:16Z","timestamp":1740164056909,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730160000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010434","name":"\u2018la Caixa\u2019 Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LCF\/BQ\/DR20\/11790030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LCF\/BQ\/DR20\/11790030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023.01162.BD","UI\/BD\/152301\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023.01162.BD","UI\/BD\/152301\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Quantum computation holds the promise of solving computational problems which are believed to be classically intractable. However, in practice, quantum devices are still limited by their relatively short coherence times and imperfect circuit-hardware mapping. In this work, we present the parallelization of pre-calibrated pulses at the hardware level as an easy-to-implement strategy to optimize quantum gates. Focusing on <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$R_{ZX}$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                  <mml:msub>\n                    <mml:mi>R<\/mml:mi>\n                    <mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mi>ZX<\/mml:mi>\n                    <\/mml:mrow>\n                  <\/mml:msub>\n                <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> gates, we demonstrate that such parallelization leads to improved fidelity and gate time reduction, when compared to serial concatenation. As measured by Cycle Benchmarking and Process Tomography, we reduce gate errors by half. We show that this strategy can be applied to other gates like the CNOT and CZ, and it may benefit tasks such as Hamiltonian simulation problems, amplitude amplification, and error-correction codes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-76396-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T06:04:40Z","timestamp":1730268280000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Native multi-qubit gates in transmon qubits via synchronous driving"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sagar Silva","family":"Pratapsi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Diogo","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paulo","family":"Andr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"76396_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nature Reviews Physics 4, 1 (2022)https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42254-021-00410-6","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-021-00410-6"},{"key":"76396_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0082975","volume":"132","author":"S Bravyi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bravyi, S., Dial, O., Gambetta, J. M., Gil, D. & Nazario, Z. The future of quantum computing with superconducting qubits,. Journal of Applied Physics 132, 160902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0082975 (2022).","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Physics"},{"key":"76396_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nielsen, M. A. & Chuang, I. L.  Quantum Computation and Quantum Information: 10th Anniversary Edition, edition 1st ed. ( publisher Cambridge University Press, 2012) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511976667","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511976667"},{"key":"76396_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shor, P. in booktitle Proceedings 35th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (1994) pp. 124\u2013134 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SFCS.1994.365700","DOI":"10.1109\/SFCS.1994.365700"},{"key":"76396_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1137\/S0097539795293172","volume":"26","author":"PW Shor","year":"1997","unstructured":"Shor, P. W. Polynomial-Time Algorithms for Prime Factorization and Discrete Logarithms on a Quantum Computer. SIAM Journal on Computing 26, 1484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1137\/S0097539795293172 (1997).","journal-title":"SIAM Journal on Computing"},{"key":"76396_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/76\/7\/076001","volume":"76","author":"SJ Devitt","year":"2013","unstructured":"Devitt, S. J., Munro, W. J. & Nemoto, K. Quantum error correction for beginners. Reports on Progress in Physics 76, 076001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0034-4885\/76\/7\/076001 (2013).","journal-title":"Reports on Progress in Physics"},{"key":"76396_CR7","unstructured":"Gottesman, D. Stabilizer codes and quantum error correction (1997), arXiv:quant-ph\/9705052"},{"key":"76396_CR8","unstructured":"Aliferis, P. Phd thesis (caltech) (2007)"},{"key":"76396_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aharonov, D. & Ben-Or, M. in booktitle Proceedings of the twenty-ninth annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing ( year 1997) pp. 176\u2013188","DOI":"10.1145\/258533.258579"},{"key":"76396_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1140\/epjd\/e2015-60464-1","volume":"69","author":"SJ Glaser","year":"2015","unstructured":"Glaser, S. J. et al. Training Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019s Cat. The European Physical Journal D 69, 279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1140\/epjd\/e2015-60464-1 (2015).","journal-title":"The European Physical Journal D"},{"key":"76396_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.76.042319","volume":"76","author":"J Koch","year":"2007","unstructured":"Koch, J. et al. Charge-Insensitive Qubit Design Derived from the Cooper Pair Box. Physical Review A 76, 042319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevA.76.042319 (2007).","journal-title":"Physical Review A"},{"key":"76396_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23879","volume":"549","author":"A Kandala","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kandala, A. et al. Hardware-Efficient Variational Quantum Eigensolver for Small Molecules and Quantum Magnets. Nature 549, 242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature23879 (2017).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"76396_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.3.033083","volume":"3","author":"M Benedetti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Benedetti, M., Fiorentini, M. & Lubasch, M. Hardware-Efficient Variational Quantum Algorithms for Time Evolution. Physical Review Research 3, 033083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.3.033083 (2021).","journal-title":"Physical Review Research"},{"key":"76396_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s42484-024-00144-5","volume":"6","author":"G Buonaiuto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Buonaiuto, G., Gargiulo, F., De Pietro, G., Esposito, M. & Pota, M. The Effects of Quantum Hardware Properties on the Performances of Variational Quantum Learning Algorithms. Quantum Machine Intelligence 6, 9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42484-024-00144-5 (2024).","journal-title":"Quantum Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"76396_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41534-021-00493-0","volume":"7","author":"OR Meitei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meitei, O. R. et al. Gate-Free State Preparation for Fast Variational Quantum Eigensolver Simulations. npj Quantum Information 7, 1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41534-021-00493-0 (2021).","journal-title":"npj Quantum Information"},{"issue":"2","key":"76396_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"020318","DOI":"10.1103\/PRXQuantum.1.020318","volume":"1","author":"N Sundaresan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sundaresan, N. et al. Gate-Free State Preparation for Fast Variational Quantum Eigensolver Simulations. PRX Quantum 1(2), 020318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PRXQuantum.1.020318 (2020).","journal-title":"PRX Quantum"},{"key":"76396_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-022-01590-3","volume":"18","author":"Y Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim, Y. et al. Nature Physics 18, 783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41567-022-01590-3 (2022) arXiv:2108.10288.","journal-title":"Nature Physics"},{"key":"76396_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2058-9565\/aba404","volume":"5","author":"T Alexander","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alexander, T. et al. Qiskit Pulse: Programming Quantum Computers through the Cloud with Pulses. Quantum Science and Technology 5, 044006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/2058-9565\/aba404 (2020).","journal-title":"Quantum Science and Technology"},{"key":"76396_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PRXQuantum.3.037001","volume":"3","author":"LB Nguyen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nguyen, L. B. et al. Blueprint for a High-Performance Fluxonium Quantum Processor. PRX Quantum 3, 037001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PRXQuantum.3.037001 (2022).","journal-title":"PRX Quantum"},{"key":"76396_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ibrahim, M. M., Mohammadbagherpoor, H., Rios, C., Bronn, N. T. & Byrd, G. T. IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering , 1 (2022) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TQE.2022.3231124","DOI":"10.1109\/TQE.2022.3231124"},{"key":"76396_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.22331\/q-2018-08-06-79","volume":"2","author":"J Preskill","year":"2018","unstructured":"Preskill, J. Quantum Computing in the NISQ era and beyond. Quantum 2, 79. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22331\/q-2018-08-06-79 (2018).","journal-title":"Quantum"},{"key":"76396_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41534-018-0072-4","volume":"4","author":"Y Nam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nam, Y., Ross, N. J., Su, Y., Childs, A. M. & Maslov, D. Automated Optimization of Large Quantum Circuits with Continuous Parameters. npj Quantum Information 4, 1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41534-018-0072-4 (2018).","journal-title":"npj Quantum Information"},{"key":"76396_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.3.043088","volume":"3","author":"N Earnest","year":"2021","unstructured":"Earnest, N., Tornow, C. & Egger, D. J. Pulse-Efficient Circuit Transpilation for Quantum Applications on Cross-Resonance-Based Hardware. Physical Review Research 3, 043088. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.3.043088 (2021).","journal-title":"Physical Review Research"},{"key":"76396_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.3.033171","volume":"3","author":"JPT Stenger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stenger, J. P. T., Bronn, N. T., Egger, D. J. & Pekker, D. Simulating the Dynamics of Braiding of Majorana Zero Modes Using an IBM Quantum Computer. Physical Review Research 3, 033171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.3.033171 (2021).","journal-title":"Physical Review Research"},{"key":"76396_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D\u2019Alessandro, D.  Introduction to Quantum Control and Dynamics, edition 2nd ed. ( publisher Chapman and Hall\/CRC, address New York, 2021) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/9781003051268","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003051268"},{"key":"76396_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Itoko, T., Malekakhlagh, M., Kanazawa, N. & Takita, M. Three-qubit Parity Gate via Simultaneous Cross Resonance Drives ( year 2023), arXiv:2309.11287https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2309.11287","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2309.11287"},{"key":"76396_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1751-8121\/acde7a","volume":"56","author":"J Ostmeyer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ostmeyer, J. Optimised Trotter Decompositions for Classical and Quantum Computing. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical 56, 285303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1751-8121\/acde7a (2023).","journal-title":"Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical"},{"key":"76396_CR28","unstructured":"Qiskit pulse library: Gaussiansquare, howpublished https:\/\/docs.quantum-computing.ibm.com\/api\/qiskit\/qiskit.pulse.library.GaussianSquare (2023), accessed: 2023-11-21"},{"key":"76396_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McKay, D. C. et al. Qiskit Backend Specifications for OpenQASM and OpenPulse Experiments. Qiskit Backend Specifications for OpenQASM and OpenPulse Experiments. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1809.03452 (2018) arXiv:1809.03452.","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1809.03452"},{"key":"76396_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.108.070502","volume":"108","author":"JA Smolin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Smolin, J. A., Gambetta, J. M. & Smith, G. Efficient Method for Computing the Maximum-Likelihood Quantum State from Measurements with Additive Gaussian Noise. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 070502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.108.070502 (2012).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"76396_CR31","unstructured":"Blume-Kohout, R. arXiv preprint arXiv:1202.5270 (2012)"},{"key":"76396_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.80.580","volume":"80","author":"EL Hahn","year":"1950","unstructured":"Hahn, E. L. Spin Echoes. Physical Review 80, 580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRev.80.580 (1950).","journal-title":"Physical Review"},{"key":"76396_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.106.180504","volume":"106","author":"E Magesan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Magesan, E., Gambetta, J. M. & Emerson, J. Scalable and Robust Randomized Benchmarking of Quantum Processes. Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 180504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.106.180504 (2011).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"76396_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.109.080505","volume":"109","author":"E Magesan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Magesan, E. et al. Efficient Measurement of Quantum Gate Error by Interleaved Randomized Benchmarking. Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 080505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.109.080505 (2012).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"76396_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5347","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13068-7","volume":"10","author":"A Erhard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Erhard, A. et al. Characterizing Large-Scale Quantum Computers via Cycle Benchmarking. Nature Communications 10, 5347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-13068-7 (2019).","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"76396_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.94.052325","volume":"94","author":"JJ Wallman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wallman, J. J. & Emerson, J. Noise Tailoring for Scalable Quantum Computation via Randomized Compiling. Physical Review A 94, 052325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevA.94.052325 (2016).","journal-title":"Physical Review A"},{"key":"76396_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gui, K., Tomesh, T., Gokhale, P., Shi, Y., Chong, F. T., Martonosi, M., & Suchara, M. Term Grouping and Travelling Salesperson for Digital Quantum Simulation (2021), arXiv:2001.05983https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2001.05983","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2001.05983"},{"key":"76396_CR38","unstructured":"Tucci, R. R. An Introduction to Cartan\u2019s KAK Decomposition for QC Programmers ( 2005), arXiv:quant-ph\/0507171"},{"key":"76396_CR39","unstructured":"Vatan, F. & Williams, C. P. Realization of a General Three-Qubit Quantum Gate (2004), arXiv:quant-ph\/0401178"},{"key":"76396_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2005.855930","volume":"25","author":"VV Shende","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shende, V. V., Bullock, S. S. & Markov, I. L. Synthesis of Quantum Logic Circuits. IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 25, 1000 (2006) arXiv:quant-ph\/0406176 10.1109\/TCAD.2005.855930.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems"},{"key":"76396_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.100.032328","volume":"100","author":"AW Cross","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cross, A. W., Bishop, L. S., Sheldon, S., Nation, P. D. & Gambetta, J. M. Validating Quantum Computers Using Randomized Model Circuits. Physical Review A 100, 032328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevA.100.032328 (2019) arXiv:1811.12926.","journal-title":"Physical Review A"},{"key":"76396_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.68.052311","volume":"68","author":"AM Childs","year":"2003","unstructured":"Childs, A. M., Haselgrove, H. L. & Nielsen, M. A. Lower Bounds on the Complexity of Simulating Quantum Gates. Physical Review A 68, 052311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevA.68.052311 (2003).","journal-title":"Physical Review A"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-76396-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-76396-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-76396-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T06:07:52Z","timestamp":1730268472000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-024-76396-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["76396"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-76396-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2045-2322"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 January 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 October 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"26042"}}