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In the late stages of the disease, the pinewood nematode (PWN)\n                    <jats:italic>Bursaphelenchus xylophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                    feeds on the fungal flora available in the pine tree for survival and multiplication. Previous studies have confirmed a close relation between the PWN and blue-stain fungi (Ophiostomatales), which are necrotrophic pathogens associated with bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). The PWN is able to grow densely in the presence of these fungi, which results in a higher number of nematodes transferred to the insect-vector\n                    <jats:italic>Monochamus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. To understand the spatial diversity and structure of\n                    <jats:italic>Pinus pinaster<\/jats:italic>\n                    mycobiome, wood samples from PWN-infected and non-infected pine trees were collected in three locations of Continental mainland Portugal with different PWD records, during the maturation phase of the insect-vector\n                    <jats:italic>M. galloprovincialis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (winter 2019-spring 2020). The PWN-mycobiome from the PWN-infected\n                    <jats:italic>P. pinaster<\/jats:italic>\n                    was also characterized. A total of 27 samples of\n                    <jats:italic>P. pinaster<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 13 samples of PWN from PWN-infected trees were characterized using ITS2 amplicon sequencing. The diversity and structure of the fungal communities in\n                    <jats:italic>P. pinaster<\/jats:italic>\n                    varied with disease status suggesting that the PWN presence affects the endophytic fungal communities. For both\n                    <jats:italic>P. pinaster<\/jats:italic>\n                    and PWN fungal communities, differences were also associated with locations (recent PWD loci Seia, and long-term PWN locus Companhia das Lez\u00edrias and Tr\u00f3ia). Ophiostomatales were mainly detected in PWN-infected\n                    <jats:italic>P. pinaster<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This research contributes to increase the knowledge on the ecology of the fungal communities in PWD complex.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-01415-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,24]],"date-time":"2025-05-24T10:44:50Z","timestamp":1748083490000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mycobiome of Pinus pinaster trees naturally infected by the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Cl\u00e1udia S. 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