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Changes in the biochemical composition of the biomass were statistically evaluated through principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple linear regression (MLR). The presence of 150\u00a0mM NaCl promoted higher biomass accumulation (978\u2009\u00b1\u200911\u00a0mg L\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and did not affect the nutrient removal rates. Elevated concentrations (&gt;\u2009300\u00a0mM) induced negative effects, resulting in microalgae mortality. The highest lipid (24%\u2009\u00b1\u20091% DCW) and carbohydrate (32.3%\u2009\u00b1\u20090.6% DCW) contents were achieved with 300\u00a0mM NaCl on days 7 and 4, respectively. Moreover, 150\u00a0mM NaCl led to the highest lipid productivity (23.4\u00a0mg L\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    d\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) only in 2\u00a0days of stress. PCA and MLR confirmed that the lipid content was positively associated with salinity and time of exposure and that the pigments were strongly affected by the exposure time.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-11110-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T08:57:30Z","timestamp":1761037050000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Exploring salinity-induced biochemical changes in Chlorella vulgaris using statistical modelling"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ana F.","family":"Esteves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ana L.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"V\u00edtor J. P.","family":"Vilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 C. 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