{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:32:08Z","timestamp":1772253128352,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Understanding how land use changes affect ecosystem services is essential for guiding sustainable development and environmental policy. In rapidly urbanizing regions, quantifying these impacts helps inform land management decisions. This study aims to analyze the impact of land use and land cover (LULC) changes on Ecosystem Services Value (ESV) in Qianyang County, China. We utilized land use data from 2007 to 2022 with a spatial resolution of 30\u00a0m. The spatial distribution and clustering of ESV were examined using spatial statistical methods. The Patch-generating Land Use Simulation (PLUS) model, which simulates LULC changes under three scenarios for 2050, was employed to calculate ESV and identify driving forces. Results show that urbanization and topography were the main driving factors for LULC changes in Qianyang County. Our findings provide valuable insights into sustainable land management and ecosystem conservation in the region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-29320-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T10:30:41Z","timestamp":1765535441000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Land use and land cover changes drive ecosystem services value in the Chinese county of Qianyang"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wang","family":"Shuangao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Cabral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Yuefeng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Felipe S.","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"29320_CR1","first-page":"70","volume":"4","author":"MJ Maurya","year":"2025","unstructured":"Maurya, M. J. & Vivek, M. Deforestation: Causes, consequences and possible solutions. Ldealistic J. Adv. Res. Prog. Spectr (IJARPS) 4, 70\u201376 (2025).","journal-title":"Ldealistic J. Adv. Res. Prog. Spectr (IJARPS)"},{"key":"29320_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2592","DOI":"10.1108\/IJQRM-10-2022-0291","volume":"40","author":"H Makhlouf","year":"2023","unstructured":"Makhlouf, H., Chatti, N. & Lakhal, L. The impact of TQM and green innovation on corporate sustainability: The mediating role of green supply chain management. Int. J. Qual. Reliab. Manag. 40, 2592\u20132611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJQRM-10-2022-0291 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Qual. Reliab. Manag."},{"key":"29320_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecocom.2009.10.006","volume":"7","author":"RS De Groot","year":"2010","unstructured":"De Groot, R. S., Alkemade, R., Braat, L., Hein, L. & Willemen, L. Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning, management and decision making. Ecol. Complex. 7, 260\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecocom.2009.10.006 (2010).","journal-title":"Ecol. Complex."},{"key":"29320_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137768","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2023.1137768","volume":"11","author":"I Petrosillo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Petrosillo, I., Valente, D., Scavuzzo, C. M. & Selvan, T. Editorial: Land degradation pattern and ecosystem services. Front. Environ. Sci. 11, 1137768. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fenvs.2023.1137768 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"29320_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1108\/JSM-04-2023-0158","volume":"38","author":"JG Teixeira","year":"2024","unstructured":"Teixeira, J. G., Gallan, A. S. & Wilson, H. N. SDG commentary: service ecosystems with the planet-weaving the environmental SDGs with human services. J. Serv. Mark. 38, 227\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JSM-04-2023-0158 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Serv. Mark."},{"key":"29320_CR6","unstructured":"Assessment, M. E. Ecosystems and human well-being (Island Press, Washington, DC, 2005)."},{"key":"29320_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27439","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-78914-1","volume":"14","author":"L Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou, L., Song, C., You, C. & Liu, L. Evaluating the influence of human disturbance on the ecosystem service scarcity value: an insightful exploration in Guangxi region. Sci. Rep. 14, 27439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-78914-1 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"29320_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27108","DOI":"10.3897\/oneeco.3.e27108","volume":"3","author":"R Haines Young","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haines Young, R. & Potschin Young, M. B. Revision of the common international classification for ecosystem services (CICES V5. 1): a policy brief. One Ecosyst. 3, e27108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3897\/oneeco.3.e27108 (2018).","journal-title":"One Ecosyst."},{"key":"29320_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/387253a0","volume":"387","author":"R Costanza","year":"1997","unstructured":"Costanza, R. et al. The value of the world\u2019s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387, 253\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/387253a0 (1997).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"29320_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44024","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ad300b","volume":"19","author":"EK Burchfield","year":"2024","unstructured":"Burchfield, E. K., Crossley, M. S. & Nelson, K. S. Rotational complexity across US counties is currently insufficient to observe yield gains in major crops. Environ. Res. Lett. 19, 44024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/ad300b (2024).","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"29320_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnc.2025.126837","volume":"84","author":"J Shen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shen, J., Zhao, M., Tang, X. & Wu, C. Ecological restoration zoning and strategy based on ecosystem service supply and demand relationships: A case study of the Yellow River Basin. J. Nat. Conserv. 84, 126837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jnc.2025.126837 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Nat. Conserv."},{"key":"29320_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2674","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-84906-y","volume":"15","author":"G Zhai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhai, G. et al. Evaluation of land ecological security and driving factors in the Lower Yellow River Flood Plain based on quality, structure and function. Sci. Rep. 15, 2674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-84906-y (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"29320_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2025.113148","volume":"171","author":"J Zhou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhou, J. et al. Driving mechanisms of ecosystem services and their trade-offs and synergies in the transition zone between the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Loess Plateau. Ecol. Indic. 171, 113148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolind.2025.113148 (2025).","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"29320_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119788157.ch2","author":"A Kumar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kumar, A. et al. Geospatial perspectives of sustainable forest management to enhance ecosystem services and livelihood security. Adv. Remote Sens. Forest Monitor. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781119788157.ch2 (2022).","journal-title":"Adv. Remote Sens. Forest Monitor."},{"key":"29320_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9459","DOI":"10.3390\/su15129459","volume":"15","author":"Z Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, Z., Wang, L. & Zhao, W. Can ecological governance policies promote high-quality economic growth? Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China. Sustainability 15, 9459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su15129459 (2023).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"29320_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/jid.3948","volume":"37","author":"X Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, X., Lan, H. & Zeng, P. Enterprise environmental performance under china\u2019s framework for central environmental protection inspection: quasi-natural experimental evidence. J. Int. Dev. 37, 22\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jid.3948 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Int. Dev."},{"key":"29320_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2024.108440","volume":"227","author":"C Xiang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xiang, C. & van Gevelt, T. China\u2019s global leadership aspirations and domestic support for climate policy. Ecol. Econ. 227, 108440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2024.108440 (2025).","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"29320_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-025-04378-x","volume":"12","author":"M Akhtar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Akhtar, M. et al. Bayesian neural network modelling for estimating ecological footprints and blue economy sustainability across G20 nations. Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun. 12, 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/s41599-025-04378-x (2025).","journal-title":"Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun."},{"key":"29320_CR19","unstructured":"UNEP, The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)\u2014Guidance Manual for TEEB Country Studies, United Nations Environment Programme, Geneva, (2014)."},{"key":"29320_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1002\/bse.3177","volume":"32","author":"W Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, W., Li, W., Sepp\u00e4nen, V. & Koivum\u00e4ki, T. Effects of greenwashing on financial performance: Moderation through local environmental regulation and media coverage. Bus. Strateg. Environ. 32, 820\u2013841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bse.3177 (2023).","journal-title":"Bus. Strateg. Environ."},{"key":"29320_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6302","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-021-01703-7","volume":"24","author":"R Pang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pang, R., Shi, M. & Zheng, D. Who comply better? The moderating role of firm heterogeneity on the performance of environmental regulation in China. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 24, 6302\u20136326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10668-021-01703-7 (2022).","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"29320_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2025.115255","volume":"191","author":"A Flaig","year":"2025","unstructured":"Flaig, A., Guyader, H. & Ottosson, M. Design-Oriented stakeholder engagement in service ecosystems. J. Bus. Res. 191, 115255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbusres.2025.115255 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"29320_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13717-025-00588-y","volume":"14","author":"G Zhou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhou, G. et al. A new perspective for enhancing social and ecological systems coordination in ecological restoration. Ecol. Process. 14, 20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13717-025-00588-y (2025).","journal-title":"Ecol. Process."},{"key":"29320_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2019.100983","volume":"39","author":"S Pei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pei, S., Zhang, C., Liu, C., Liu, X. & Xie, G. Forest ecological compensation standard based on spatial flowing of water services in the upper reaches of Miyun Reservoir. China. Ecosyst. Serv. 39, 100983. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoser.2019.100983 (2019).","journal-title":"China. Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"29320_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2018.12.004","volume":"35","author":"S Geange","year":"2019","unstructured":"Geange, S., Townsend, M., Clark, D., Ellis, J. I. & Lohrer, A. M. Communicating the value of marine conservation using an ecosystem service matrix approach. Ecosyst. Serv. 35, 150\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoser.2018.12.004 (2019).","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"29320_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00021","volume":"6","author":"M Townsend","year":"2019","unstructured":"Townsend, M. & Lohrer, A. M. Empirical validation of an ecosystem service map developed from ecological principles and biophysical parameters. Front. Marine Sci. 6, 21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmars.2019.00021 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Marine Sci."},{"key":"29320_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6540","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57151-6","volume":"14","author":"E Birhane","year":"2024","unstructured":"Birhane, E. et al. Changes in total and per-capital ecosystem service value in response to land-use land-cover dynamics in north-central Ethiopia. Sci. Rep. 14, 6540. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-57151-6 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"29320_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5071","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-55763-6","volume":"14","author":"H Tang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tang, H. et al. Ecosystem service valuation and multi-scenario simulation in the Ebinur Lake Basin using a coupled GMOP-PLUS model. Sci. Rep. 14, 5071. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-55763-6 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"29320_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2023.110579","volume":"488","author":"R Wei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wei, R. et al. The value of ecosystem services in arid and semi-arid regions: A multi-scenario analysis of land use simulation in the Kashgar region of Xinjiang. Ecol. Modell. 488, 110579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2023.110579 (2024).","journal-title":"Ecol. Modell."},{"key":"29320_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1177\/09750878221135074","volume":"15","author":"D Assamah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Assamah, D. & Yuan, S. Can smaller powers have grand strategies? The Case of Rwanda. Insight on Africa 15, 108\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09750878221135074 (2023).","journal-title":"Insight on Africa"},{"key":"29320_CR31","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"J Maes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maes, J. et al. Mapping and assessment of ecosystems and their services. Anal. Framework Ecosyst. Assessm. Under Act. 5, 1\u201358 (2013).","journal-title":"Anal. Framework Ecosyst. Assessm. Under Act."},{"key":"29320_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021639","volume":"20","author":"H Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang, H., Cao, J. & Hou, X. Study on the evaluation and assessment of ecosystem service spatial differentiation at different scales in mountainous areas around the Beijing\u2013Tianjin\u2013Hebei Region, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 20, 1639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph20021639 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"29320_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.3390\/land11081168","volume":"11","author":"M Lu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lu, M., Zhang, Y., Liang, F. & Wu, Y. Spatial relationship between land use patterns and ecosystem services value\u2014Case study of Nanjing. Land 11, 1168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/land11081168 (2022).","journal-title":"Land"},{"key":"29320_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8009(01)00250-6","volume":"39","author":"UP Kreuter","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kreuter, U. P., Harris, H. G., Matlock, M. D. & Lacey, R. E. Change in ecosystem service values in the San Antonio area. Texas. Ecol. Econ. 39, 333\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0921-8009(01)00250-6 (2001).","journal-title":"Texas. Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"29320_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13050851","volume":"13","author":"SG Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, S. G. et al. Using satellite image fusion to evaluate the impact of land use changes on ecosystem services and their economic values. Remote Sens. 13, 851. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13050851 (2021).","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"29320_CR36","unstructured":"Qianyang County People\u2019s Government. Geography and landforms of Qianyang County. http:\/\/www.qianyang.gov.cn\/col4538\/ (2024)."},{"key":"29320_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10550","DOI":"10.3390\/su141710550","volume":"14","author":"Y Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, Y. et al. Estimation of the value of forest ecosystem services in Pudacuo National Park, China. Sustainability 14, 10550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su141710550 (2022).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"29320_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106121","volume":"112","author":"S Talukdar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Talukdar, S., Singha, P., Mahato, S., Praveen, B. & Rahman, A. Dynamics of ecosystem services (ESs) in response to land use land cover (LU\/LC) changes in the lower Gangetic plain of India. Ecol. Ind. 112, 106121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106121 (2020).","journal-title":"Ecol. Ind."},{"key":"29320_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0320894","volume":"20","author":"T Yu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yu, T., Jia, S. & Cui, X. Spatio-temporal dynamics and trend forecasting of urban green high-quality development: An examination of 287 cities in China. PLoS ONE 20, e0320894. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0320894 (2025).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"29320_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2025.107558","volume":"154","author":"T Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang, T., Cheng, C., Shen, S., Yang, Y. & Ye, S. Coupled impact of climate change and human activities on farmland loss on the Tibetan Plateau. Land Use Policy 154, 107558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.landusepol.2025.107558 (2025).","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"29320_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.002","volume":"26","author":"R Costanza","year":"2014","unstructured":"Costanza, R. et al. Changes in the global value of ecosystem services. Glob. Environ. Chang. 26, 152\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.002 (2014).","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"29320_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2017.06.010","volume":"26","author":"G Xie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xie, G., Zhang, C., Zhen, L. & Zhang, L. Dynamic changes in the value of China\u2019s ecosystem services. Ecosyst. Serv. 26, 146\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoser.2017.06.010 (2017).","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"29320_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1992.tb00261.x","volume":"24","author":"A Getis","year":"1992","unstructured":"Getis, A. & Ord, J. K. The analysis of spatial association by use of distance statistics. Geogr. Anal. 24, 189\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1992.tb00261.x (1992).","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"29320_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00912.x","volume":"27","author":"JK Ord","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ord, J. K. & Getis, A. Local spatial autocorrelation statistics: distributional issues and an application. Geogr. Anal. 27, 286\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00912.x (1995).","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"29320_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2020.101569","volume":"85","author":"X Liang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liang, X. et al. Understanding the drivers of sustainable land expansion using a patch-generating land use simulation (PLUS) model: A case study in Wuhan. China. Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. 85, 101569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2020.101569 (2021).","journal-title":"China. Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"29320_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.3390\/w15040776","volume":"15","author":"R Reheman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Reheman, R., Kasimu, A., Duolaiti, X., Wei, B. & Zhao, Y. Research on the change in prediction of water production in urban agglomerations on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains based on the InVEST\u2013PLUS model. Water 15, 776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w15040776 (2023).","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"29320_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.09.082","volume":"650","author":"YX Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu, Y. X., L\u00fc, Y. H., Fu, B. J., Harris, P. & Wu, L. H. Quantifying the spatio-temporal drivers of planned vegetation restoration on ecosystem services at a regional scale. Sci. Total Environ. 650, 1029\u20131040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.09.082 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"29320_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7492","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1405557111","volume":"111","author":"JJ Lawler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lawler, J. J. et al. Projected land-use change impacts on ecosystem services in the United States. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 111, 7492\u20137497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1405557111 (2014).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"29320_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135153","volume":"708","author":"TL Zhai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhai, T. L. et al. Assessing ecological risks caused by human activities in rapid urbanization coastal areas: Towards an integrated approach to determining key areas of terrestrial-oceanic ecosystems preservation and restoration. Sci. Total Environ. 708, 135153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135153 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"29320_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111630","volume":"239","author":"GM Foody","year":"2020","unstructured":"Foody, G. M. Explaining the unsuitability of the kappa coefficient in the assessment and comparison of the accuracy of thematic maps obtained by image classification. Remote Sens. Environ. 239, 111630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111630 (2020).","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"29320_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s13753-023-00464-3","volume":"14","author":"S Sakellariou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sakellariou, S., Sfougaris, A., Christopoulou, O. & Tampekis, S. Spatial resilience to wildfires through the optimal deployment of firefighting resources: Impact of topography on initial attack effectiveness. Int. J. Disaster Risk Sci. 14, 98\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13753-023-00464-3 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Sci."},{"key":"29320_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00168-007-0138-2","volume":"42","author":"RG Pontius","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pontius, R. G. et al. Comparing the input, output, and validation maps for several models of land change. Ann. Reg. Sci. 42, 11\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00168-007-0138-2 (2008).","journal-title":"Ann. Reg. Sci."},{"key":"29320_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2016.04.017","volume":"82","author":"J Van Vliet","year":"2016","unstructured":"Van Vliet, J. et al. A review of current calibration and validation practices in land-change modeling. Environ. Model. Softw. 82, 174\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envsoft.2016.04.017 (2016).","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"29320_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2025.113122","volume":"171","author":"L Zhi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhi, L., Li, X., Bai, J. & Shao, D. Prioritizing multifunctional conservation zones with dominant function based on comprehensive hotspots and bundles of ecosystem service. Ecol. Indic. 171, 113122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolind.2025.113122 (2025).","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"29320_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-025-03516-x","volume":"177","author":"H Omri","year":"2025","unstructured":"Omri, H., Omri, A. & Abbassi, A. Entrepreneurship and human well-being: A study of standard of living and quality of life in developing countries. Soc. Indic. Res. 177, 313\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11205-025-03516-x (2025).","journal-title":"Soc. Indic. Res."},{"key":"29320_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1007\/s11111-018-0307-5","volume":"40","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang, Q., Bilsborrow, R. E., Song, C., Tao, S. & Huang, Q. Determinants of out-migration in rural China: Effects of payments for ecosystem services. Popul. Environ. 40, 182\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11111-018-0307-5 (2018).","journal-title":"Popul. Environ."},{"key":"29320_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s12061-024-09631-5","volume":"18","author":"H Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen, H., Shi, Y. & He, H. A sustainable urban framework based on natural capital and ecosystem services accounting. Appl. Spat. Anal. Policy 18, 23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12061-024-09631-5 (2024).","journal-title":"Appl. Spat. Anal. Policy"},{"key":"29320_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2008.09.014","volume":"68","author":"B Fisher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fisher, B., Turner, R. K. & Morling, P. Defining and classifying ecosystem services for decision making. Ecol. Econ. 68, 643\u2013653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2008.09.014 (2009).","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-29320-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-29320-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-29320-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T03:02:12Z","timestamp":1767668532000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-29320-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["29320"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-29320-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"253"}}