{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T20:06:13Z","timestamp":1772136373217,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738886400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Direzione Generale dell\u2019internazionalizzazione e della comunicazione Programma cooperazione internazionale PRIMA"},{"name":"Horizon 2020, PRIMA"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Essential oils (EO) are known for their antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties and can be used as an alternative to reduce the reliance on antimicrobials in dairy cattle. While many studies have explored the beneficial properties of EO in vitro, their effects on milk quality and milk microbiota, when applied directly to the udder skin, remain relatively unknown. This study aimed to investigate the impact of\n                    <jats:italic>Thymus capitatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    essential oil (TCEO), known for its high antibacterial and antioxidant properties, on milk microbiota using 16S rRNA sequencing, the lipidomic profile via liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, udder skin microbiota, and inflammatory biomarkers of dairy cows at the end of lactation. Sixteen-quarters of 12 Holstein cows were selected, and TCEO was topically applied to the udder skin twice a day for 7 days. Milk was collected aseptically on days 0, 7, 21, and 28 before morning farm milking. The results showed no significant changes in microbiota composition after the EO treatment in alpha and beta diversity or taxonomical composition at the phylum and genus levels. TCEO induced limited changes in the milk lipidome, primarily affecting diacylglycerols at T21. The treatment did not affect inflammatory biomarkers, milk sensory properties, or quality. Our study is the first to demonstrate that a local application of 10% TCEO on cow\u2019s quarters does not significantly alter milk quality or microbiota composition in milk and skin. More studies should be conducted to ensure the safe use of TCEO in dairy cows and explore its potential benefits on antibiotic-resistant bacteria as an alternative or support for antibiotic therapy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-88168-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T10:30:06Z","timestamp":1738924206000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The effects of Thymus capitatus essential oil topical application on milk quality: a systems biology approach"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ralph","family":"Nehme","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Gini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Elise","family":"Vanbergue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sergine","family":"Even","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Biscarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Andr\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lucie","family":"Rault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Faustine","family":"Noel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Valerie","family":"Hardit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Said","family":"Bouhallab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Riadh","family":"Ksouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Roussel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Secundino","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Cremonesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Castiglioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Donatella","family":"Caruso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fiorenza","family":"Far\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Fontana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Ceciliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Latifa","family":"Abdennebi-Najar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"88168_CR1","unstructured":"United Nations Environment Programme. Bracing for superbugs: Strengthening environmental action in the one health response to antimicrobial resistance. Geneva Production: United Nations Environment Programme, <https:\/\/www.unep.org\/resources\/superbugs\/environmental-action (2023)."},{"key":"88168_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00237","volume":"4","author":"C Sharma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sharma, C. et al. Antimicrobial resistance: Its surveillance, impact, and alternative management strategies in dairy animals. Front. Vet. Sci. 4, 237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2017.00237 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"88168_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956541","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.956541","volume":"13","author":"M Bunse","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bunse, M. et al. Essential oils as multicomponent mixtures and their potential for human health and well-being. Front. Pharmacol. 13, 956541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2022.956541 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"88168_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020330","volume":"10","author":"R Nehme","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nehme, R. et al. Essential oils in livestock: From health to food quality. Antioxidants 10, 330 (2021).","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"88168_CR5","first-page":"291","volume":"93","author":"JT Ramsey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ramsey, J. T. et al. Essential oils and health. Yale J. Biol. Med. 93, 291\u2013305 (2020).","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"88168_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(02)00242-8","volume":"83","author":"PJ Masika","year":"2002","unstructured":"Masika, P. J. & Afolayan, A. J. Antimicrobial activity of some plants used for the treatment of livestock disease in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. J. Ethnopharmacol. 83, 129\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0378-8741(02)00242-8 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"88168_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930533","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.930533","volume":"9","author":"Y Uprety","year":"2022","unstructured":"Uprety, Y., Karki, S., Poudel, R. C. & Kunwar, R. M. Ethnoveterinary use of plants and its implication for sustainable livestock management in Nepal. Front. Vet. Sci. 9, 930533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2022.930533 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"88168_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1159\/000370216","volume":"21","author":"M Mayer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mayer, M., Vogl, C. R., Amorena, M., Hamburger, M. & Walkenhorst, M. Treatment of organic livestock with medicinal plants: A systematic review of European ethnoveterinary research. Forsch. Komplementmed. 21, 375\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000370216 (2014).","journal-title":"Forsch. Komplementmed."},{"key":"88168_CR9","unstructured":"Willer, H., Schlatter, B. & Tr\u00e1vn\u00ed\u010dek, J. The world of organic agriculture. Statistics and emerging trends 2023., http:\/\/www.organic-world.net\/yearbook\/yearbook-2023.html (2023)."},{"key":"88168_CR10","first-page":"479","volume":"54","author":"P Pinedo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pinedo, P., Karreman, H., Bothe, H., Velez, J. & Risco, C. Efficacy of a botanical preparation for the intramammary treatment of clinical mastitis on an organic dairy farm. Can. Vet. J. 54, 479\u2013484 (2013).","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"88168_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9071507","volume":"9","author":"EM Abdelfattah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abdelfattah, E. M. et al. 2019 survey of antimicrobial drug use and stewardship practices in adult cows on california dairies: Post senate bill 27. Microorganisms 9, 1507 (2021).","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"88168_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.14405\/kjvr.2015.55.4.253","volume":"55","author":"B-W Cho","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cho, B.-W. et al. Therapeutic effect of oregano essential oil on subclinical bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Korean J. Vet. Res. 55, 253\u2013257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14405\/kjvr.2015.55.4.253 (2015).","journal-title":"Korean J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"88168_CR13","first-page":"975","volume":"4","author":"M Abboud","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abboud, M., El Rammouz, R., Jammal, B. & Sleiman, M. In vito and in vivo antimicrobial activity of two essential oils thymus vulgaris and lavendula angustifolia against bovine Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Mastitis Pathogen. Middle East J. Agric. Res. 4, 975\u2013983 (2015).","journal-title":"Middle East J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"88168_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10121460","volume":"10","author":"Z Kova\u010devi\u0107","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kova\u010devi\u0107, Z. et al. New perspective of Origanum vulgare L. and Satureja montana L. essential oils as bovine mastitis treatment alternatives. Antibiotics 10, 1460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics10121460 (2021).","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"88168_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/ijlr.20170212032414","author":"I Reshi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reshi, I., Sarkar, T., Malik, H., Muhee, A. & Shoukat, S. Efficacy of fumaria indica, nepata cataria and adiantum capillus crude aqueous extracts in comparison to cefuroxime in sub-clinical case of bovine mastitis. Int. J. Livest. Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/ijlr.20170212032414 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Livest. Res."},{"key":"88168_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.04.025","volume":"131","author":"TS Lopes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lopes, T. S. et al. Use of plant extracts and essential oils in the control of bovine mastitis. Res. Vet. Sci. 131, 186\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.04.025 (2020).","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"88168_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.112925","volume":"259","author":"A Bouyahya","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bouyahya, A. et al. Ethnomedicinal use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and food benefits of Thymus capitatus. J. Ethnopharmacol. 259, 112925. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2020.112925 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"88168_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2009.0117","volume":"13","author":"MG Mkaddem","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mkaddem, M. G. et al. Essential oil of Thymus capitatus Hoff. et Link. from Matmata, Tunisia: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. J. Med. Food 13, 1500\u20131504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jmf.2009.0117 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"88168_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1080\/12538078.2010.10516220","volume":"157","author":"K Bel Hadj Salah","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bel Hadj Salah, K. et al. Activit\u00e9s antivirale et antioxydante in vitro d\u2019huiles essentielles de Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmans. & Link de Tunisie. Acta Bot. Gallica 157, 433\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/12538078.2010.10516220 (2010).","journal-title":"Acta Bot. Gallica"},{"key":"88168_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.2730080608","volume":"8","author":"D Biondi","year":"1993","unstructured":"Biondi, D., Cianci, P., Geraci, C., Ruberto, G. & Piattelli, M. Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of essential oils from sicilian aromatic plants. Flavour. Fragr. J. 8, 331\u2013337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ffj.2730080608 (1993).","journal-title":"Flavour. Fragr. J."},{"key":"88168_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2003-9-1016","volume":"58","author":"AC Goren","year":"2003","unstructured":"Goren, A. C., Bilsel, G., Bilsel, M., Demir, H. & Kocaba\u015f, E. E. Analysis of essential oil of Coridothymus capitatus (L.) and its antibacterial and antifungal activity. Z Naturforsch C J Biosci. 58, 687\u2013690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/znc-2003-9-1016 (2003).","journal-title":"Z Naturforsch C J Biosci."},{"key":"88168_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2015.1082138","volume":"19","author":"K Msaada","year":"2016","unstructured":"Msaada, K. et al. Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of Tunisian Thymus capitatus L. methanolic extract. Int. J. Food Prop. 19, 1381\u20131390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10942912.2015.1082138 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"88168_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11050681","author":"A Benoutman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Benoutman, A. et al. Phytochemical Composition, antioxidant and antifungal activity of Thymus capitatus, a medicinal plant collected from northern Morocco. Antibiotics (Basel) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics11050681 (2022).","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"88168_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2018.01.062","volume":"113","author":"M Benjemaa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Benjemaa, M. et al. Nanoencapsulation of Thymus capitatus essential oil: Formulation process, physical stability characterization and antibacterial efficiency monitoring. Ind. Crops Prods. 113, 414\u2013421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.indcrop.2018.01.062 (2018).","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prods."},{"key":"88168_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s12210-021-00991-5","volume":"32","author":"F Fratini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fratini, F. et al. Evaluation of the in vitro antibacterial activity of some essential oils and their blends against Staphylococcus spp. isolated from episodes of sheep mastitis. Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali 32, 407\u2013416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12210-021-00991-5 (2021).","journal-title":"Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali"},{"key":"88168_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2018.09.033","volume":"534","author":"S Obeid","year":"2019","unstructured":"Obeid, S. et al. The phase and charge of milk polar lipid membrane bilayers govern their selective interactions with proteins as demonstrated with casein micelles. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 534, 279\u2013290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcis.2018.09.033 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"88168_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6899","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26226899","volume":"26","author":"GIP Cical\u0103u","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cical\u0103u, G. I. P. et al. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of carvacrol and magnolol, in periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus. Molecules 26, 6899 (2021).","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"88168_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2017.1279672","volume":"55","author":"JCR Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, J. C. R. et al. Essential oil composition and antinociceptive activity of Thymus capitatus. Pharml. Biol. 55, 782\u2013786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13880209.2017.1279672 (2017).","journal-title":"Pharml. Biol."},{"key":"88168_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.2012.01552.x","volume":"64","author":"FH CavalcanteMelo","year":"2012","unstructured":"CavalcanteMelo, F. H. et al. Antinociceptive activity of carvacrol (5-isopropyl-2-methylphenol) in mice. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 64, 1722\u20131729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2042-7158.2012.01552.x (2012).","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"88168_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.112678","volume":"167","author":"RB Pereira","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pereira, R. B. et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of essential oils from Tunisian aromatic and medicinal plants and their major constituents in THP-1 macrophages. Food Res. Int. 167, 112678. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.112678 (2023).","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"88168_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2006.04.010","volume":"24","author":"V Vuddhakul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vuddhakul, V., Bhoopong, P., Hayeebilan, F. & Subhadhirasakul, S. Inhibitory activity of Thai condiments on pandemic strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Food Microbiol. 24, 413\u2013418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fm.2006.04.010 (2007).","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"88168_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12334","volume":"67","author":"A Herman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Herman, A. & Herman, A. P. Essential oils and their constituents as skin penetration enhancer for transdermal drug delivery: A review. J. Pharm Pharmacol. 67, 473\u2013485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jphp.12334 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Pharm Pharmacol."},{"key":"88168_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4579","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17338","volume":"103","author":"K Wattenburger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wattenburger, K., Schmidt, R., Placheta, L., Middleton, J. R. & Adkins, P. R. F. Evaluation of 4 different teat disinfection methods prior to collection of milk samples for bacterial culture in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 103, 4579\u20134587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2019-17338 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"88168_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10050751","author":"O Kerro Dego","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kerro Dego, O., Pacha, P. A., Gillespie, B. E. & Pighetti, G. M. Experimental Staphylococcus aureus mastitis infection model by teat dipping in bacterial culture suspension in dairy cows. Animals (Basel) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani10050751 (2020).","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"88168_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564749","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.564749","volume":"11","author":"P Cremonesi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cremonesi, P. et al. Raw milk microbiota modifications as affected by chlorine usage for cleaning procedures: The trentingrana PDO case. Front. Microbiol. 11, 564749. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2020.564749 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"88168_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4516","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000080107","volume":"108","author":"JG Caporaso","year":"2011","unstructured":"Caporaso, J. G. et al. Global patterns of 16S rRNA diversity at a depth of millions of sequences per sample. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 108(Suppl 1), 4516\u20134522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1000080107 (2011).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"88168_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw354","volume":"32","author":"P Ewels","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ewels, P., Magnusson, M., Lundin, S. & K\u00e4ller, M. MultiQC: summarize analysis results for multiple tools and samples in a single report. Bioinformatics 32, 3047\u20133048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw354 (2016).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"88168_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.303","volume":"7","author":"JG Caporaso","year":"2010","unstructured":"Caporaso, J. G. et al. QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data. Nat. Methods 7, 335\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nmeth.f.303 (2010).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"88168_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0177459","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177459","volume":"12","author":"GM Kurtzer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kurtzer, G. M., Sochat, V. & Bauer, M. W. Singularity: Scientific containers for mobility of compute. PLOS ONE 12, e0177459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0177459 (2017).","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"88168_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0205670","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205670","volume":"13","author":"F Biscarini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Biscarini, F. et al. Rumen microbiome in dairy calves fed copper and grape-pomace dietary supplementations: Composition and predicted functional profile. PLoS One 13, e0205670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0205670 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"88168_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4153","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-31370-9","volume":"13","author":"MJ Ranilla","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ranilla, M. J. et al. Effects of Thymbra capitata essential oil on in vitro fermentation end-products and ruminal bacterial communities. Sci. Rep. 13, 4153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-31370-9 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"88168_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8120652","author":"F Doudi\u00e8s","year":"2019","unstructured":"Doudi\u00e8s, F. et al. Major Role of voluminosity in the compressibility and sol-gel transition of casein micelle dispersions concentrated at 7 \u00b0C and 20 \u00b0C. Foods https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods8120652 (2019)."},{"key":"88168_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2020.104209","volume":"240","author":"A Listrat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Listrat, A. et al. What are the drivers of beef sensory quality using metadata of intramuscular connective tissue, fatty acids and muscle fiber characteristics?. Livest. Sci. 240, 104209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.livsci.2020.104209 (2020).","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"88168_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3124","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1719","volume":"92","author":"C Hagnestam-Nielsen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hagnestam-Nielsen, C., Emanuelson, U., Berglund, B. & Strandberg, E. Relationship between somatic cell count and milk yield in different stages of lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 92, 3124\u20133133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2008-1719 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"88168_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13400-0","author":"F Ceciliani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ceciliani, F. et al. Changes in the lipidome of water buffalo milk during intramammary infection by non-aureus Staphylococci. Sci. Rep. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-13400-0 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"88168_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e86","DOI":"10.1002\/cpbi.86","volume":"68","author":"J Chong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chong, J., Wishart, D. S. & Xia, J. Using MetaboAnalyst 4.0 for comprehensive and integrative metabolomics data analysis. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 68, e86. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cpbi.86 (2019).","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Bioinform."},{"key":"88168_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4439","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1632","volume":"92","author":"S Hiss","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hiss, S., Weinkauf, C., Hachenberg, S. & Sauerwein, H. Short communication: Relationship between metabolic status and the milk concentrations of haptoglobin and lactoferrin in dairy cows during early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 92, 4439\u20134443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2008-1632 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"88168_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-015-0201-4","volume":"46","author":"P Roussel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roussel, P. et al. Investigating the contribution of IL-17A and IL-17F to the host response during Escherichia coli mastitis. Vet. Res. 46, 56. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13567-015-0201-4 (2015).","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"88168_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700039","DOI":"10.1002\/ejlt.201700039","volume":"120","author":"L Bernard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bernard, L. et al. Milk fat globule in ruminant: Major and minor compounds: Nutritional regulation and differences among species. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 120, 1700039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejlt.201700039 (2018).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol."},{"key":"88168_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-644","volume":"90","author":"S Calsamiglia","year":"2007","unstructured":"Calsamiglia, S., Busquet, M., Cardozo, P. W., Castillejos, L. & Ferret, A. Invited review: Essential oils as modifiers of rumen microbial fermentation. J. Dairy Sci. 90, 2580\u20132595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2006-644 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"88168_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2007.12.004","volume":"42","author":"GP Winward","year":"2008","unstructured":"Winward, G. P., Avery, L. M., Stephenson, T. & Jefferson, B. Essential oils for the disinfection of grey water. Water Res. 42, 2260\u20132268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2007.12.004 (2008).","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"88168_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-018-0783-y","volume":"17","author":"M Kfoury","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kfoury, M., Auezova, L., Greige-Gerges, H. & Fourmentin, S. Encapsulation in cyclodextrins to widen the applications of essential oils. Environ. Chem. Lett. 17, 129\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10311-018-0783-y (2019).","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"88168_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/age.12655","volume":"49","author":"F Biscarini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Biscarini, F., Cozzi, P. & Orozco-Ter Wengel, P. Lessons learnt on the analysis of large sequence data in animal genomics. Anim. Genet. 49, 147\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/age.12655 (2018).","journal-title":"Anim. Genet."},{"key":"88168_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2016.11.016","volume":"63","author":"M Giello","year":"2017","unstructured":"Giello, M. et al. Dynamics of bacterial communities during manufacture and ripening of traditional Caciocavallo of Castelfranco cheese in relation to cows\u2019 feeding. Food Microbiol. 63, 170\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fm.2016.11.016 (2017).","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"88168_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-46-1-81","volume":"46","author":"K Schubert","year":"1996","unstructured":"Schubert, K. et al. Two coryneform bacteria isolated from the surface of French Gruy\u00e8re and Beaufort cheeses are new species of the genus Brachybacterium: Brachybacterium alimentarium sp. nov. and Brachybacterium tyrofermentans sp. nov. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46, 81\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/00207713-46-1-81 (1996).","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol."},{"key":"88168_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-012-0138-3","volume":"65","author":"K Gori","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gori, K., Ryssel, M., Arneborg, N. & Jespersen, L. Isolation and identification of the microbiota of Danish farmhouse and industrially produced surface-ripened cheeses. Microb. Ecol. 65, 602\u2013615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00248-012-0138-3 (2013).","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"88168_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2021.103861","volume":"100","author":"A G\u00e9rard","year":"2021","unstructured":"G\u00e9rard, A. et al. Study of the microbial diversity of a panel of Belgian artisanal cheeses associated with challenge studies for Listeria monocytogenes. Food Microbiol. 100, 103861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fm.2021.103861 (2021).","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"88168_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11470","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15863","volume":"102","author":"US Sorge","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sorge, U. S., Binger, E. M., Schefers, J. & Plummer, P. J. Short communication: Metagenomic evaluation of skin biopsies of udder sores in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 102, 11470\u201311475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2018-15863 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"88168_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969137","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.969137","volume":"10","author":"F Shi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shi, F. et al. Static composting of cow manure and corn stalk covered with a membrane in cold regions. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 10, 969137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2022.969137 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"88168_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S1466-8564(03)00057-2","volume":"4","author":"T Huppertz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Huppertz, T., Fox, P. F. & Kelly, A. L. High pressure-induced changes in the creaming properties of bovine milk. IFSET 4, 349\u2013359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1466-8564(03)00057-2 (2003).","journal-title":"IFSET"},{"key":"88168_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.26656\/fr.2017.6(2).302","volume":"6","author":"P Laosam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Laosam, P., Pin, C. & Pakdeechanuan, P. Adjusting the initial milk pH before freezing affected physico-chemical properties of thawed goat milk. Food Res. 6, 475\u2013481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26656\/fr.2017.6(2).302 (2022).","journal-title":"Food Res."},{"key":"88168_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/fnr.v52i0.1821","author":"HL M\u00e5nsson","year":"2008","unstructured":"M\u00e5nsson, H. L. Fatty acids in bovine milk fat. Food Nutr. Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/fnr.v52i0.1821 (2008).","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"88168_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey348","volume":"98","author":"MMA Hussein","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hussein, M. M. A., Abd El-Hack, M. E., Mahgoub, S. A., Saadeldin, I. M. & Swelum, A. A. Effects of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) oil on quail growth, carcass traits, blood components, meat quality, and intestinal microbiota. Poult. Sci. 98, 319\u2013329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3382\/ps\/pey348 (2019).","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"88168_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10268","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19975","volume":"104","author":"F Ceciliani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ceciliani, F. et al. The untargeted lipidomic profile of quarter milk from dairy cows with subclinical intramammary infection by non-aureus staphylococci. J. Dairy Sci. 104, 10268\u201310281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2020-19975 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"88168_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7401","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-58116-5","volume":"14","author":"SV Thangaraj","year":"2024","unstructured":"Thangaraj, S. V. et al. Comparative lipidome study of maternal plasma, milk, and lamb plasma in sheep. Sci. Rep. 14, 7401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-58116-5 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"88168_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9255","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66235-y","volume":"10","author":"AD George","year":"2020","unstructured":"George, A. D. et al. Untargeted lipidomics using liquid chromatography-ion mobility-mass spectrometry reveals novel triacylglycerides in human milk. Sci. Rep. 10, 9255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-66235-y (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"88168_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174424000084","volume":"15","author":"S Andr\u00e9s","year":"2024","unstructured":"Andr\u00e9s, S. et al. Essential oil supplementation in milk replacers: Short- and long-term impacts on feed efficiency, the faecal microbiota and the plasma metabolome in dairy calves. J. DOHaD 15, e5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S2040174424000084 (2024).","journal-title":"J. DOHaD"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-88168-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-88168-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-88168-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T05:24:39Z","timestamp":1739165079000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-88168-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["88168"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-88168-0","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"uri","id":"","asserted-by":"subject"}],"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4360627\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The present study was approved by the French Ministry for Higher Education, Research and Innovation and the local institutional animal care and use committee (approval number: #2020011709229229). The authors confirm that: (1) the reported experiments were conducted at Mejusseaume INRAE experimental farm under agreement for animal housing no. C-35\u2013275\u201323; (2) all methods and animal treatment used in the study were performed according to the guidelines and regulations stated in Directive 2010\/63\/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes (\n                      \n                      ). The study reported in the manuscript follows the recommendations in the ARRIVE guidelines (PLoS Biol 18(7): e3000411.\n                      \n                      \n                      ).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"4627"}}